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Wildlife Bio Exam 2 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Meaning of Amphibia

A

“double life”, most amphibians have an aquatic and terrestrial phase

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2
Q

Three Orders of Class Amphibia

A

Anura, Caudata, Gymnophiona

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3
Q

Order Anura

A

“without tail”
frogs and toads
most abundant order of amphibians
South America

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4
Q

Order Caudata

A

“tail visible”
salamanders and newts
North America (southeast)

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5
Q

Order Gymnophiona

A

“naked snake”
Caecilians
South America

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6
Q

Which continents do not have salamanders?

A

Antarctica and Australia

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7
Q

Order Anura Morphology

A

4 limbs, hindlimbs longer to assist mobility
Dorsolateral ridges along back
Typanic Membrane (Tympanum)

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8
Q

Frogs

A

long, slim, smooth, slimy, no parotoid glands (produces poison), lays eggs in masses

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9
Q

Toads

A

short, stout, dry, bumpy, raised parotid gland, lays eggs in long chains

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10
Q

Order Anura Life Stages

A

most have 3 stages, go through metamorphosis
1. Egg (in water/wet substrate)
2. Larvae (in water with gills)
3. Adult (more terrestrial)

some skip larvae stage

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11
Q

Sexual dimorphism (Anura)

A

males and females are morphologically different (sometimes only during breeding season)
nupital pad and vocal sac in male frogs

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12
Q

Nupital pads (Anura)

A

assist males with wall hanging during amplexus, where the grab female from behind and wait for eggs to be laid

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13
Q

Order Anura Reproduction

A

external fertilization (almost always)
species rarely provide parental care

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14
Q

Family Bufonidae

A

“true toads”
warty skin, horizontal pupils, noticeable parotid glands, cranial ridges

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15
Q

Family Hylidae

A

“treefrogs”
small, slim waist, long legs, climbers, extra cartilage/joint in toes

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16
Q

Family Microhylidae

A

“narrow mouth frogs”
short snout, rough bodies, stout legs, skin fold at back of neck

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17
Q

Family Ranidae

A

“north american water frogs”
long legs, slim waist, smooth skin, webbed feet

bullfrogs and leopard frogs

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18
Q

Family Scaphiopodidae

A

“north american spadefoots”
toad-like body shape, visible parotid gland, no cranial ridges, vertical pupils, blade for digging burrows

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19
Q

Order Caudata Morphology

A

most have 4 limbs
elongated bodies with tails
usually 4 toes on front, 5 toes on back
average size 5 inches. 2in to 6ft
trunk has costal grooves

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20
Q

Costal Grooves

A

superficial segmentation in salamanders, increases surface area for respiration as 70% of salamanders are lungless and rely on cutaneous respiration

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21
Q

Order Caudata Life Stages

A

3 distinct life stages (most), go through metamorphosis
1. Egg (water/wet substrate)
2. Larvae (have gills)
3. Adult (aquatic OR terrestrial)

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22
Q

Order Caudata Lifestyle Modifications

A
  1. Direct development (hatchlings are mini adults)
  2. Neoteny or paedomorphosis (gills retained to adulthood, fully aquatic)
  3. Intermediate terrestrial phase (larvae fully aquatic, juveniles live in water and land, adults are fully aquatic again)
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23
Q

Order Caudata Reproduction

A

pheromonal communication
internal fertilization mostly
males make spermatophore, females pick it up in cloaca
some provide parental care

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24
Q

Order Caudata Sexual Dismorphism

A

only during breeding season
in males: cloacal swelling, mental glands and nasal cirri

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25
Family Amphiumidae
fully aquatic salamander over 3 ft long, paedomorphic, 4 legs, 1-3 toes, standing water habitat
26
Family Cryptobranchidae
fully aquatic salamader up to 2.5 ft long, paedomorphic, 4 limbs, 4 toes front 5 toes back, rocky stream habitat hellbenders (high priority)
27
Family Proteidae
fully aquatic salamander paedomorphic, 4 limbs, 4 toes, flowing or standing water mudpuppies and waterdogs
28
Family Sirenidae
fully aquatic salamander can be over 2ft long, paedomorphic, 2 legs, 4 toes, slow moving streams or standing water
29
Family Ambystomatidae
terrestrial salamander fossorial adults (burrow), breed in ponds, 3-8 inches mole salamanders
30
Family Plethodontidae
terrestrial or semi aquatic salamander no lungs, cutaneous respiration, nasolabial grooves lungless salamanders, 70% of all salamanders
31
Family Salamandridae
aquatic salamander (most) rough skin, no costal grooves newts (ironically)
32
Order Gymnophiona Morphology
look like giant worms or snakes, but have backbones and no scales, legless, 7 inchs to over 48 inches. can be with or without lungs, 160 species, all are fossorial, ossified skull, retractable tentacle
33
Order Gymnophiona Reproduction
some lay eggs, some live birth, larval stage can occur in water or in female or in egg internal fertilization females provide parental care
34
Conservation Issues for Amphibians
41% threatened with extinction, most imperiled vertebrate group
35
Amphibian Chytrid Fungus
infects the skin and disrupts cutaneous functions
36
Class Reptilia Species
9500 species, most are snakes and lizards
37
Class Reptilia Orders
Squamata Testudines Crocodilia Rhynchocephalia
38
Key Reptilian Traits
1. relatively impermeable skin 2. amniotic eggs with hard shell
39
Reptile Reproduction
internal fertilization males have copulatory organ amniotic eggs (most, some live birth) oviparous (lays eggs on land)
40
Ovoviviparous
eggs remain inside mother until hatching, looks like live birth, happens in some reptiles
41
Amniotic Egg Layers
Inside to Out: 1. amnion - membrane surrounding embryo 2. yolk sac - food for embryo 3. allantois - assists with gas diffusion and waste storage 4. albumin - egg white, protein storage 5. chorion - thin membrane lining shell, gas exchange
42
Order Squamata
majority of reptiles are squamates, majority of squamates are lizards
43
Order Squamata SubOrders
Amphisbaenia (worm lizards) Autarchoglossa (most lizards) Gekkota (gekkos) Iguania (iguanas) Serpentes (snakes)
44
Order Squamata Morphology
cloaca - transverse slit anal plate behind cloaca cranial kinesis
45
Cranial kinesis
ability to dislocate skull bones (jaw)
46
Venomous lizards
Gila Monster and Mexican Bearded lizard
47
SubOrder Amphisbaenia
worm lizards most are limbless, all have scales, fossorial, mostly restricted to tropics "double moving" "go both ways"
48
SubOrder Autarchoglossa Families
Anguidae (glass lizards) Scincidae (typical skinks) Teiidae (whiptails and racerunners)
49
SubOrder Iguania Families
Dactyloidae (anoles) Phrynosomatidae (spiny, side-blotched, and horned lizards)
50
Family Anguidae
Squamata > Autarchoglossa moveable eyelids, external ears, tail breaks away (autotomy) glass lizards, slow worms, alligator lizards
51
Family Teiidae
Squamata > Autarchoglossa long, slender bodies, whip-like tails, long hind legs, tail autotomy, some species reproduce by parthenogenesis, restricted to americas whiptails and racerunners
52
Parthenogensis
asexual development where (usually female) offspring develops from unfertilized egg
53
Family Scincidae
Squamata > Autarchoglossa smooth, shiny, claws and scales, most have tail autotomy, males heads are red during mating season typical skinks
54
Family Dactyloidae
Squamata > Iguania restricted to americas, can change colors, males have dewlaps and crests anoles
55
Family Phrynosomatidae
Squamata > Iguania rough appearance spiny, horned, side-blotched lizards
56
SubOrder Serpentes Morphology
no moveable eyelids, no external ear, rarely have sexual dimorphism snakes
57
SubOrder Serpentes Reproduction
oviparous (egg laying), ovoviviparous, viviparous (live)
58
SubOrder Serpentes Feeding
Swallow alive Constriction Envenomation
59
Types of Venom
neurotoxins, myotoxins, hemotoxins
60
Snake scale texture
keeled (keel is ridge down middle of scale), weakly keeled, smooth
61
SubOrder Serpentes Families
Colubridae Dipsadidae Natricidae Elapidae Viperidae
62
Family Colbridae
Squamata > Serpentes "harmless egg laying snake" mostly oviparous, non-venomous, round pupil racers. kingsnakes, indigo snakes, milksnakes, ratsnakes, ect.
63
Family Dipsadidae
Squamata > Serpentes "rear-fanged snakes" grooved teeth at back of jaw, harmless to humans eastern hognose, worm snake, ring-necked snake
64
Family Natricidae
Squamata > Serpentes "harmless live-bearing snake" ovoviviparous or viviparous, associated with water eastern garter snake, northern watersnake, dekays brownsnake
65
Family Elapidae
Squamata > Serpentes "cobras and coral snakes" neurotoxic venom, oviparous red touches yellow kill a fellow
66
Family Viperidae
Squamata > Serpentes "pit vipers" venomous either myotocix or hemotoxic or both, most live birth but can be ovoviviparous, vertical pupils, heat-sensing pits copperhead, cottonmouth, timber rattler, diamondback rattler, pygmy rattler
67
Copperhead Snake
Family Viperidae velvety smooth appearance, bow tie pattern when viewed from side, prefers dry woodlands and rocky areas
68
Cottonmouth Snake
Family Viperidae stocky, varying color, gaps when threatened, always found near water
69
Timber Rattlesnake
Family Viperidae dark chevrons along body, darker towards tail, rattle made of keratin links
70
Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake
Family Viperidae largest venomous snake in SE U.S. (6 ft), distinct diamonds bordered by white, prefers sandy soils
71
Pygmy Rattlesnake
Family Viperidae smallest venomous snake in SE U.S. (<1.5 ft), mid dorsal spots, dark stripe from eye to jaw, prefers dry forest
72
Order Testudines
makes up 3% of reptiles 327 species all continents but antartica
73
Testudines Shell
modified rib cage two parts: 1. carapace (dorsal, back) 2. plastron (ventral, belly)
74
Order Testudines Reproduction
internal fertilization, male copulatory organ, oviparous, eggs laid in ground, sexual dimorphism: larger females, males have concave plastron, longer tails, and longer claws,
75
Order Testudines Families
Chelydridae (snapping turtles) Kinosternidae (mud & musk) Emydidae (box & water turtles) Trionychidae (softshell turtles) Testudinidae (tortoises)
76
Family Chelydridae
"snapping turtles" mostly aquatic, cannot tuck bodies into shells, up to 3 ft, often harvested for food, freshwater habitat
77
Family Kinosternidae
"mud and musk turtles" mostly aquatic, smooth carapace, 3-10 inches, freshwater habitat
78
Family Emydidae
"pond, marsh, and box turtles" most diverse family in SE U.S., terrestrial or aquatic species cooters, sliders, bog turtle, box turtle, terrapins
79
Family Trionychidae
"softshell turtles" flattened, shell is leathery soft, highly aquatic, 5-21 inches, harvested for food, freshwater habitat
80
Family Testudinidae
"tortoises" terrestrial, high domed shells, elephantine limbs, > 4 inches
81
Gopher Tortoise
federally threatened with extinction, keystone species (creates valuable burrows used by 358 other species)
82
Order Crocodylia
23 species, largest living reptiles
83
Order Crocodylia Morphology
heavily armored skin, bony osteoderms, short limbs, long laterally compressed tail, primarily aquatic, webbed hind feet, powerful jaws, most acidic stomach, communicate vocally
84
Order Crocodylia Reproduction
internal fertilization, oviparous, sexual dimorphism: males larger
85
Order Crocodylia Families
Alligatoridae and Crocodylidae
86
Family Alligatoridae
alligators and caimans up to 19 ft long, mature at 6 ft, can live over 60 years, wide snout, teeth of lower jaw cannot be seen, can't tolerate freezing temps, lays more eggs, mostly freshwater
87
Family Crocodylidae
7.5-12 ft long, associated with saltwater, narrow pointed snout
88
Order Rhynocephalia
tuataras up to 2.5 ft, can live over 100, use burrows, oviparous, no external ear, looks like crocodile lizard
89
Conservation Issues for Reptiles
20% threatened with extinction dur to habitat loss, disease, over harvest, persecution

Wildlife Bio Exam 2 (1 decks)

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