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Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which type of dormancy is reversible?

A

Pre-dormancy

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2
Q

What is needed to break dormancy?

A

Period of chilling

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3
Q

What is the name of fungi in roots?

A

Mycorrhizae

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4
Q

What are plant nodules?

A

Good N-fixing bacteria

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5
Q

Examples of positive biotic interactions?

A

Plant-plant = N-fixing legumes (facilitation)
Plant-animal = pollinators

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6
Q

Negative plant interactions?

A

Parasitism, herbivory, competition

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7
Q

Area of bacteria around the roots in the soil that are beneficial to plant

A

Rhizosphere

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8
Q

What are the 4 functions of auxin?

A

Cell elongation, apical dominance, phototropism, gravitropism

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9
Q

How does phototropism work?

A

Auxin occurs in top on shaded side > sun breaks down auxin > plant bends towards light (shaded elongation)

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10
Q

How does gravitropism work?

A

Auxin is heavy in roots > travels towards bottom > gravity + auxin = downward growth

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11
Q

What are gibberellin functions?

A

Stem elongation, bolting and flowering

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12
Q

What are commercial uses for auxin?

A

Used for rooting, herbicides, seedless fruit

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13
Q

What are commercial uses for gibberellins?

A

Increase size, color, quality and stunt growth

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14
Q

How does gibberellin relate to the sun?

A

Longer days signal fast elongation and flowering

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15
Q

What are the functions of cytokinins? (4)

A

Cell division, cell/organ enlargement, delays senescence in flowers/fruit, regulates apical dominance

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16
Q

How does cytokinins regulate plant growth?

A

Cytokinins stimulate dormant buds

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17
Q

How do cytokinins and auxins relate?

A

Auxins inhibit axillary buds growth, cytokinins favor bud growth. If apical bud is removed, cytokinins can grow:)

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18
Q

What are commercial uses on cytokinins?

A

Christmas trees with more branches, city trees without fruit

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19
Q

What is the main function of ethylene?

A

Abscission

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20
Q

How does abscission work?

A

Auxin in high in growing szn. Ethylene in high in late szn. (Abscission in fall). Stressors cause more ethylene production, form abscission layer, drops leaf

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21
Q

What triggers abscission?

A

Aging, low light, water stress, ethylene exposure

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22
Q

Commercial uses of ethylene

A

Fruit ripening

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23
Q

What are the functions of Abscisic Acid (ABA)?

A

Bud formation, dormancy, water stress response

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24
Q

How does ABA cause dormancy?

A

High ABA = deeper dormancy

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25
Q

What is required for seed germination

A

Water, temperature, oxygen, light

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26
Q
A
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27
Q

What is the first sprout from a seed called?

A

Radicle

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28
Q

What is the first green “shoot” from a seed

A

Hypocotyl

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29
Q

What is the outer layer of seed called?

30
Q

What is a leaf from seed called?

31
Q

What is region of seedling stem above cotyledon?

32
Q

How does seed size relate to amount of seeds made?

A

Big seed = less seeds. Small seeds = more seed.

33
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

Plant recreated without pollination. Exact genetic copy

34
Q

What is the function of secondary growth?

A

Lateral growth allows for vertical growth

35
Q

What is the function of the vascular cambium?

A

Makes new phloem/xylem.

36
Q

What is the function of cork cambium?

A

Creates bark and replaces epidermis

37
Q

How does vascular cambium relate to tree rings?

A

Early wood is lighter (large vessels) late wood is dark (small vessels). Alternation creates rings

38
Q

Where is the age of xylem/phloem in the tree

A

Young near vascular cambium. Old xylem is toward center and old phloem is towards bark

39
Q

What is true dormancy?

A

Lack of growth and the forming of a resting bud.

40
Q

What is quiescence?

A

A resting triggered by adverse conditions, broken when conditions are favorable again

41
Q

What are the three stages of dormancy?

A

Pre-dormancy, true-dormancy, post-dormancy

42
Q

What is pre-dormancy? Is it reversible?

A

Yes, it allows ofr environmental fluctuations

43
Q

What is true-dormancy? Is it reversible?

A

No, plant is defoliated and waiting for period of chilling. No growth

44
Q

What is post-dormancy? When does it typically occur?

A

Plant is capable of growth but suppressed by environment. Late winter/early spring

45
Q

What are 3 triggers for dormancy?

A

Daylength, temperature, water supply

46
Q

How does day and night length relate to dormancy?

A

Short days=dormancy. Long nights=dormancy

47
Q

How does temperature relate to dormancy?

A

Cold=predormancy. Temp fluctuations can cause inaccuracy and affect growth

48
Q

How does water supply relate to dormancy?

A

Low water=dormancy.

49
Q

What is needed to release dormancy

A

Temps above freezing for a certain time

50
Q

What are 5 factors affecting plant variation?

A

Mutation, selection, migration, nonrandom mating and genetic drift

51
Q

WHat is the ultimate source of all variation?

53
Q

What is ecocline?

A

A variation in population caused by environmental adaptions that vary ALONG A GRADIENT

54
Q

What are ecotypes?

A

When species show differences for a trait unrelated to a gradient (black vs sugar maple)

55
Q

What are beneficial biotic interactions?

A

Lichen, mycorrhizae, soil microbes, pollinators

56
Q

What is the rhizosphere?

A

Region of soil influences by root secretions + microorganisms

57
Q

What is the phyllosphere

A

Microorganisms associated with shoots, leaf surfaces (inside and outside)

58
Q

What are beneficial fungi in soil?

A

Mycorrhizae

59
Q

Define the two types of mycorrhizae?

A

Endomycorrhizae (inside) and ectomycorrhizae (outside)

60
Q

What are endosymbiotes?

A

Fungi/bacteria inside the plant, transmitted through insects.

61
Q

What are 3 kinds of negative biotic interactions?

A

Parasites, pathogens, and herbivory

62
Q

Define 2 types of pathogens?

A

Biotrophs penetrate epidermis but do not kill cells. Necrotrophs invade wounds and kill cells.

63
Q

How do plants defend against pathogens?

A

Silicon as a barrier, hyperaccumulation, stomatal closure, chemical signaling

64
Q

What are the two chemicals that help fight infection in plants

A

Salicylic and jasmonic acid

65
Q

What are the 4 plant defenses against herbivory

A

Quanitative, qualitative, comparmentation, volatile compounds

66
Q

What are quantitative vs qualitative defenses? Where are they found

A

Quantitative accumulate in gut (found in nutrient poor soil) Qualitative usually toxic in small amounts (found in nutrient rich soil)

67
Q

What is comparmentation

A

Storage of chemical defenses to avoid injury to plant in vacuole

68
Q

What are volatile compounds

A

Plant warning signals to other plants

69
Q

What is a positive plant-plant interaction

A

Facilitative: plants grow better in a mix rather than a monoculture

70
Q

What is a negative plant-plant interaction?

A

Competitive: suppression of neighbor fitness through allelopathy and resource competition

Soils (3 decks)

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