Exam 2 Flashcards
Who were the two pioneers of person centered therapy?
Carl Rogers and Natalie Rogers
What did Natalie Rogers specialize in?
Person-centered expressive arts therapy
What is the core idea of person centered therapy?
Providing a climate of understanding and acceptance through the client-therapist relationship will enable clients to come to terms with aspects of themselves that they have denied or disowned.
How would person centered therapists describe human nature?
They believe that people are trustworthy with vast potential to understand themselves and solve their own problems. They are capable of self-directed growth without intervention.
Why don’t the majority of person centered therapists find formal diagnosis valuable?
Due to their view that human nature is too complex to be limited to diagnostic symptoms, they find that diagnosis should be focused on a dimensional scale rather than a yes/no approach. In their eyes, diagnosis is a continuous process of self-learning.
What should the therapist focus on doing when taking a person centered approach?
Nurturing the client-therapist relationship. They must allow themselves to be curious to anything the client would like to share and her life. Be fully present while also being sensitive to how they present themselves. (Be congruent!)
What does the person centered therapist hope will be accomplished as the client-therapist relationship is nurtured?
The client will listen to themselves, learn from their experiences, and apply their learnings. They move from an external to an internal point of control.
Leslie Greenberg was able to develop a new kind of person-centered approach. What was it?
Emotion Focused Therapy
What is Emotion Focused Therapy?
A kind of person-centered therapy that involves awareness and productive use of emotions.
What are the differences between Humanism and Existentialism?
Existentialism places greater emphasis on death and meaninglessness, while humanists are more optimistic and less anxiety focused.
What are all the stages of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
Physiological, Safety, Love/Belonging, Esteem, and Self-actualization
In human centered therapy, what does it mean to be “congruent?”
To be real and genuine with the client
What are the three things needed by the therapist for effective human centered therapy?
Congruence, unconditional positive regard, and accurate empathic understanding
Describe the client/therapist relationship in person centered therapy.
It is a psychological contract between two people; the client is incongruent while the therapist is congruent. Therapist provides unconditional positive regard and empathy to the client.
What is expressive arts therapy?
A kind of therapy that extends the person centered approach to spontaneous creative expression. (Such as art, music, etc.)
What is motivational interviewing?
A counseling method that establishes a supportive relationship between the therapist and the client with the goal of helping the client develop a positive attitude towards change.
When a therapist is doing a motivational interview, what is something that is commonly used?
The therapist will often look for discrepancies; discrepancies can lead to motivation for change
Name all 5 of the states of change.
Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance
How do gestalt therapists view human nature?
They believe that individuals have the capacity to self-regulate when they are aware of themselves and their environment.
What is the main idea of gestalt therapy?
By helping the client enhance awareness of the here-and-now, we can help them self-regulate and mentally heal.
What is field theory? Which kind of therapy emphasizes it?
It’s an idea that emphasizes the relationship between a person and their environment. Gestalt therapy is rooted in this idea.
According to field theory, what does “figure” mean?
Aspects of the individual that is the most noticeable at any moment
According to field theory, what does “ground” mean?
Aspects of the individual that are out of awareness, which are available through clues
What is figure-formation process?
The shifting process of focus between figure and ground
What is organic self-regulation?
The idea that organisms strive for equilibrium (Which therapy tries to restore)
What are the five contact boundary disturbances?
Introjection, projection, retroflection, deflection, and confluence
What is introjection?
Uncritically accepting other’s beliefs and standards without assimilating them to make them congruent with who we are
What is projection?
Disowning aspects of ourselves by attributing them to the environment
What is retroflection?
Turning back onto ourselves what we would like to do to others or have them do to for us
What is deflection?
Veering off from contact, diffusing or defusing, excessive humor, etc.
What is confluence?
Blurring differentiation of self and environment
What is phenomenological inquiry?
What is happening internally, externally, interpersonally in the moment
What is “unfinished business?”
Issues at play in the background of someone’s life-emotional debris needing to be expressed
What is the therapist’s role in gestalt therapy?
They partner with the client to help them learn, while focusing on language, sensations, gestures, and posture.
What is the primary way a gestalt therapist will assess a client?
By observing how the client is in contact with the therapist in the therapy session itself.
What is the main goal of the therapist during gestalt therapy?
It’s to provide a context in which the client can expand their awareness of what is going on within themselves and also how they interact with others.
What is the difference between exercises and experiments?
Exercises are ready-made techniques, while experiments are more spontaneous and experimental
What are the three therapy stages seen in gestalt therapy?
Discovery, accommodation, and assimilation
Describe the client/therapist relationship when it comes to gestalt therapy.
Emphasis is placed on the therapist’s presence, dialogue, and direct self-expression. This is more important than technique.
Name five gestalt therapy techniques/interventions
Internal dialogue, empty chair, future projection, rehearsal exercise, and “staying with the feeling”
What is classical conditioning?
Pairing an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus to achieve a conditioned response
What is operant conditioning?
When a certain behavior is linked to a consequence (whether positive or negative)
What is the Social Learning Approach?
It’s the idea that people learn through observing, imitating, and modeling other people’s behavior.
Who was famous for studying operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
Who was famous for studying classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson
Who was famous for studying the social learning approach?
Albert Bandura
Who was famous for studying the “Law of Effect?”
Edward Thorndike
Who was famous for studying the “Drive Reduction Theory?”
Clark Hull
Who was famous for studying “Intervening variables?”
Edward C. Tolman
What is positive reinforcement in regards to operant conditioning?
When a reward is introduced to enforce a behavior
What is negative reinforcement in regards to operant conditioning?
When a behavior is reenforced through the removal of an undesired stimulus
Why is punishment not effective in regards to operant conditioning?
Because it only suppresses behavior rather than changing it
What is shaping in regards to operant conditioning?
Reinforcing successive approximations of a desired response
What are the ABCs in regards to behavioral analysis?
Antecedent events, beliefs, consequent behavior
What is the therapeutic process like for behavioral therapy?
It’s focused on analyzing behavior. While there are clearly defined roles, it tends to be collaborative, with there being strategic planning and analysis
What is the purpose of the “BASIC-ID” model in Multimodal therapy?
It is supposed to help us analyze behavior. Each letter represents a certain dimension to be assessed.
What’s the full breakdown of BASIC-ID?
Behavior, Affect, Sensations, Imagery, Cognitions, Interpersonal, Drug/biological
Describe the mindfulness/acceptance based approach in behavior therapy.
Mindfulness is emphasized, where the client accepts the present experience without judgement, but with curiosity and exploration.
What is dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)?
A kind of therapy that is often used with suicidal and significantly disturbed clients. It involves distress tolerance skills training, individual, group sessions, and extensive commitment.
The book kind of pairs together behavior therapy and multimodal therapy, but they have their differences. How do they differ?
Multimodal therapy focuses on BASIC-ID, which features multiple dimensions to assess. Behavior therapy only focuses on the singular dimension of “behavior,” which is the “B” in “BASIC.”
Describe Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT).
It shares the basic assumptions of behaviorism. It focuses on changing the cognitions of the patient, which ultimately changes feelings and behavior.
Who is known for developing Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT)?
Albert Ellis
What is Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT)?
It’s an early form of CBT that emphasized that it is merely our thinking about events that leads to emotional and behavioral upset. (Emotional chaos)
What is REBT like?
It is a collaborative environment between therapist and client where the therapist assists in changing dysfunctional assumptions and thought patterns. However, REBT can be pretty confrontational.
Who is known for developing Cognitive Therapy (CT)?
Aaron Beck
What is Cognitive Therapy (CT)?
A more evidence-based approach that believes that negative thoughts distort reality.
What is the Negative Cognitive Triad?
Negative view of self, the world, and of the future.
What is the difference between REBT and CT?
REBT is more directive, while CT utilizes questions and the Socratic method to test the validity of assumptions
What is Strengths-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy (SBCT)?
An approach that’s very similar to Beck’s ideas, but incorporates more Positive Psychology. Also emphasizes learned helplessness and learned optimism.
What does Cognitive Behavior Modification focus on?
Changing self-talk. Helping the client notice the narratives they tell themselves can help them act more with purpose.
What is all-or-nothing thinking? (Dichotomous thinking)
A cognitive distortion where a person’s thinking is very black-and-white. They stick to extremes.
What is overgeneralization?
A cognitive distortion where a person thinks that if something happens once, it will happen over and over again.
What is mental filter?
A cognitive distortion where a person focuses on one negative detail, ignoring the positives.
What is disqualifying the positive?
A cognitive distortion where a person brushes off compliments or successes. They might twist it around so it becomes negative.
What is jumping to conclusions?
A cognitive distortion where a person assumes how the future will play out, as if it were fact.
What is magnification/minimization?
A cognitive distortion where you blow things out of proportion or shrinking them down
What is emotional reasoning?
A cognitive distortion where a person takes their emotions as truth.
What are “should” statements?
A cognitive distortion where a person tries to make changes in their life simply because they “should.”
What is labeling?
A cognitive distortion where a person bases their identity on mistakes from the past
What is personalization?
A cognitive distortion where you blame yourself for things outside your control. (It may not even be related to you at all!)
What are Arbitrary Inferences?
A cognitive distortion where conclusions are drawn in absence of evidence
In regards to person-centered therapy, what is the “organismic valuing process?”
An idea that refers to an individual’s innate ability to trust their own feelings, instincts, and judgments, leading to a sense of congruence
What are reinforcement schedules when it comes down to operant conditioning?
They are rules for bringing out rewards to shape behavior.
What are the two types of reinforcement schedules?
Continuous and partial
What is continuous reinforcement?
A kind of reinforcement schedule where a reward is introduced every single time the behavior happens.
What is partial reinforcement?
A kind of reinforcement schedule where a reward is introduced sometimes. (Tends to be slower than continuous, but more long-lasting)
What are the four types of partial reinforcement?
Fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, and variable interval
What is fixed ratio (FR)?
When a reward is introduced after a fixed number of behaviors.
What is variable ratio (VR)?
When a reward is introduced after a random number of behaviors.
What is fixed interval (FI)?
When a reward is introduced after a fixed time has passed, but only if the behavior happens then.
What is variable interval (VI)?
When a reward is introduced after a random time has passed, but only if the behavior happens then.
