Exam 2 Flashcards
What is an age structure diagram?
A chart that maps the demographics of a community to determine info about birth rates and age/gender distribution
Four stages of demographic transition
Preindustrial: Similar and high birth/death rates. Industrializing: Death rate falls dramatically but birth rates lag. Mature industrial: Birth rates begin to fall too. Post-industrial: Both rates match up again, but both are drastically lower.
Ecological footprint
The land area needed to provide resources for, and assimilate the waste of, a person or population
What layer has the most Ozone?
Stratosphere
What chemical is hurting the ozone layer?
CFCs
How do CFCs effect the ozone layer?
CFCs are broken down by UV-B and release a chlorine ion that steals an oxygen from O3 which breaks down ozone
What is environmental policy?
A course of action adopted by a government or organization that is intended to protect/improve the natural environment and public health, or reduce human impact
The NEPA process and EIS
1) Identify a problem. 2) Consider options. 3) Formulation. 4) Adoption. 5) Implementation. 6) Evaluation. EIS: Requires the examination of any positive/negative effects of any federal action that has the potential to cause harm.
What is the EPA?
Established in 1970 to implement and enforce all the new federal environmental laws
Command-and-Control vs Market-based approaches
C&C enforces regulations, identifies performance, and sets penalties for non-compliance. MB offers incentives for compliance like offering tax credits or mandating green taxes which the producer of pollutants has to pay to offset their damage.
Adaptive management
A plan that allows room for altering strategies as new info becomes available.
Montreal Protocol
A 1987 planned phase-out of CFCs. The Kigali amendment was ratified by the US in 2022 and focused on phasing out hydrofluorocarbons.
Food security
Having physical, social, and economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food.
The Green Revolution
A plant-breeding program in the mid 20th century that increased crop yields and led to large-scale agriculture to address a growing population. Over 60 years food production doubled.
The Green Revolution 2.0
Genetically engineering crops to contain useful traits may increase food supplies but comes with environmental, economic, and ethical concerns.
How long does it take soil to form?
1” of soil takes about 500-1000 years to form
Agroculture
Considers the area’s ecology, indigenous knowledge, protecting the area, and meeting local peoples’ needs.
Types of traditional farming methods (2)
Contour farming follows the lay of the land in hilly areas, strip cropping involves planting different patches of different crops in the same area.
Biosequestration
Storage and removal of carbon via photosynthesis
CAFO pros and cons
(Concentrated animal feeding operation) Pros: are very productive, high profits and can actually benefit small family operations. Cons: Environmental, ethical, waste, poor quality of meat
Affluence and its effect on diet
The affluent a country is the more meat and dairy it consumes
Carbon footprint, water footprint, and feed conversion ratio
CAFOs release about 14.5% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Water footprint is the amount of water consumed by a given group or for a process. The feed conversion ratio is the amount of edible food that is produced per unit of feed input.
High-low carbon footprint foods
Beef, poultry, plants
High-low water footprint foods
Almonds, lentils, beef, pork, chicken,
High-low feed conversion ratios
Beef, milk, pork, eggs, chicken
US Farm Bill
The current bill favors provisions for factories and CAFOs, including providing subsidies for feedlots to buy grain for less than it cost to grow, gives approval for antibiotic use in feed, and has shitty wastewater treatment rules
