Exam 2 Flashcards
Three hypothesis of evolution for viruses
Devolution, escapist, and viruses first
Non enveloped viruses
Adino virus, polio, HPV, and hepatitis a virus
Enveloped virus
HIV
Which viruses mutate more frequently
RNA VIRUSES
Ways to classify a virus
Nucleus acid type, capsid structure, enveloped/non-enveloped, and genome structure
DNA virus
Smallpox virus
Why are mutation rates so high in RNA viruses
RNA Polymerase doesn’t have proof reading capabilities
Where does rna virus replication take place
Cytoplasm
Example of an rna virus
Influenza, coronavirus
Cytopathic effects
Lysis, apoptosis, widespread symptoms from immune response
Double stranded dna
mRNA is transcribed from the DNA template (herpes virus)
Single stranded dna
DNA is converted to double strand before RNA is transcribed (parvovirus)
Double stranded rna
mRNA is transcribed from the RNA genome (rotavirus)
Positive single strand RNA
Genome functions as mRNA (common cold), can be immediately translated
Negative single strand RNA
mRNA is transcribed from the RNA genome (rabies), cannot be immediately translated
Other genome classification
RNA reverse transcriptase, DNA reverse transcriptase
What is a retrovirus
Can reverse transcriptase it’s RNA genome into DNA form (HIV)
What is budding
a process by which many viruses exit the host cell after replication
Superbug
Bacteria that are resistant to almost all/all antibiotics
Covid 19
Enveloped, non segmented, Positive single stranded RNA,
Diagnostic testing
Molecular and antigen
Molecular testing
Detective genetic material
Antigen testing
Detect protein on surface of virus
Antibody testing
Looks for antibodies made from already having the virus previously or has been vaccinated
What is in a vaccine
A virus that’s ability to harm has been weakened, inactivated virus, molecular subunits (spike proteins)
Plant virus horizontal transmission
Plant to plant (pollen, insects)
Plant virus vertical transmission
Plant to seed
Hyperplasia
Galls, tumors
Hypoplasia
Thinned yellow splotches in leaves
Cell necrosis
Dead, blackened stems, leaves, or fruit
Prion diseases
Mad cow disease, kuru, scrapie, chronic wasting disease
Do prions have nucleic acids
No
What are prions
Protein infectious particles that are misfolded proteins that induce normal proteins to become abnormal as well
Viroids
Small circles of RNA that infect plants
Gram positive
Purple stained
Thick peptidoglycan layer
Gram negative
Stained pink
Thin peptidoglycan layer
Outer lipid bilayer
More resistance to antibiotics
Capsule / slime layer
Adheres to surfaces or other cells
Holds in moisture
Resists attack from immune system
Fimbriae
Hair like structure that sticks to surfaces / to others
Sex pilus
Pulls two bacterial cells together for DNA transfer
Hpv
Naked Icosahedral, double stranded dna
Varicella-zoster
Also known as chickenpox
Can lead to shingles
Double stranded DNA
Enveloped icosahedral
Flagella
Structure in prokaryotes used for mobility
What do prokaryotes not have
Membrane bound organelles, microtubules
What has internal flagella
Spirochetes
Why is infolded plasma membrane advantageous
More surface area
Who pushed for endosymbiotic theory
Lynn margulis
What are plasmids
Free floating DNA rings that replicate independently of the chromosome, they add diversity
Akinetes?
Specialized cells that help for survival during tough conditions in Cyanobacteria (n punctiforme)
What is the main way to get diversity in prokaryotes
Mutations
Transformation
Discovered by Griffith, showed horizontal DNA transfer by a cell incorporating foreign genetic material into its own genome
Transduction
When a phage capsule mistakenly traps bacteria DNA instead of viral DNA and introduces it to other bacterium when infected
What is required in conjugation
The F factor
What is conjugation
Method of introducing genetic diversity by building a sex pilus between an f+ donor cell and an f- recipient cell. This brings in new genes and makes both cells f+
What is HFR conjugation
Type of conjugation where f factor is part of chromosome and during the mating bridge, a part of the chromosome from the donor cell peels off and goes across mating bridge to the recipient cell.
DOES NOT MAKE BOTH CELLS F+
Autotroph
Uses compounds to make their food
Heterotroph
Uses organic compounds for foods
What temperature make things sterile?
121 degrees
What does corona virus first make when it finds a host
RNA dependent RNA polymerase
What does T4 bacteriophage infect
E. coli
How does P. Fumari gain its energy
Hydrogen oxidation, it’s a chemoautolithroph
Why are chemoheterotrophic bacteria important
They are decomposers
What does P fumarii fix
Carbon from CO2
Obligate anaerobes
Can’t do oxygen, it’s toxic to them
Facultative anaerobes
Normally use oxygen but can switch to anaerobic if needed
Obligate aerobes
Must have oxygen
What is nitrogen fixation
Converts N2 to NH4+
What are heterocysts
Where nitrogen fixation occurs in Cyanobacteria
What do pathogenic bacteria secrete
Exotoxins
What bacteria secrete exotoxins
Botulism, tetanus
What are endotoxins
Toxic outer membrane in gram negative bacteria
What are proteobacteria
Gram negative bacteria that cause gastrointestinal illness (salmonella and cholera, E. Coli)
What domain (s) has a nuclear envelope
Eukarya
What domain (s) have membrane enclosed organelles
Eukarya
What domain (s) have peptidoglycan cell walls
Bacteria
What domain (s) have unbranched hydrocarbons in membrane lipids
Bacteria and eukarya
What domain (s) have introns and histones
Archaea and eukarya
What domain (s) have circular chromosomes
Bacteria and archaea
Chlamydia is a
Endoparasite that is a gram negative bacteria
Spirochetes are ?
Free-living, disease causing, spiral shaped bacteria
Syphilis and Lyme disease
Cyanobacteria
Photosynthetic bacteria that generates oxygen and can also fix nitrogen
Gram positive bacteria examples (MATTLS)
MRSA infections, Staph infections, anthrax, tetanus, tuberculosis, and leprosy
Who was the first to observe protists
Anton Von Leuwenhoek
Nucleus function
Houses cell’s DNA, surrounded by nuclear envelope
Mitochondria function
Generates ATP through cellular respiration
Endoplasmic reticulum ER Function (rough)
Protein synthesis (embedded with ribosomes)
Endoplasmic reticulum ER Function (smooth)
No ribosomes, lipid synthesis
Golgi apparatus
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids
Lysosomes
Digestive enzymes that break down cell waste
Peroxisomes
Break down fatty acids and harmful substances into water and oxygen
Ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis
Cytoskeleton
Helps maintain cell shape, structural support
Microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
Vacuole
Used for storage, turgor pressure for plants
Chloroplasts
Conduct photosynthesis
Nucleolus
Site where ribosomal rna is synthesized
Microtubules
Cell support, transport, mitosis, and key for cilia and flagella movement
Flagella movement
Whip like movement
Cilia movement
Oar movement
What do flagella, cilia, and centrioles have in common
They are made up of microtubules
1st origin of eukaryotes
A nucleus and ER
2nd origin of eukaryotes
Mitochondria
3rd origin of eukaryotes
Chloroplast
4th origin of eukaryotes
Plasmids from secondary endosymbiosis
What is multinucleate
A cell with more than one nucleus, doesn’t go through cytokinesis
Diplomonads
Unicellular, multiple flagella, no cell wall, parasitic, anaerobic
Giardia intestinalis
Intestinal parasite, diplomonads
Consumed in water
