Exam 2

Question 1

Intramembranous

Answer 1

bone formation within a membrane.
-Skull

Question 1

endochondral

Answer 1

process of bone formation that starts in cartilage.
-long bones
-irregular bones
-physis
-epiphysis
-cuboidal bones of the carpus and tarsus.

Question 2

processes of interstitial (lengthwise)

Answer 2

secreting new cartilage matrix, which leads to the expansion of the tissue.
-cartilage tissues
-epiphyseal plates at the ends of long bones.

Question 3

appositional (width or circumferential)

Answer 3

cells that break down bone, resorb old bone tissue from the medullary cavity, leading to a wider bone diameter.

Question 4

Explain the hormonal regulation of skeletal growth, remodeling, and plasma calcium

Answer 4

parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, vitamin D, and growth hormone.

Question 5

Suture

Answer 5

between skull bones, where the edges interlock tightly, providing a fixed joint; example: the joints between the parietal bones of the skull.

Question 6

Gomphosis

Answer 6

peg-and-socket” joint, where a tooth is anchored into the jawbone by periodontal ligaments; example: the connection between a tooth root and its socket in the jaw.

Question 7

Syndesmosis

Answer 7

slightly movable joint where bones are connected by a fibrous membrane; example: the connection between the tibia and fibula in the leg

Question 8

Cartilaginous Joints (Slightly movable.
Symphysis:

Answer 8

A joint where bones are joined by a pad of fibrocartilage; example: the pubic symphysis between the pelvic bones

Question 9

Synchondrosis:

Answer 9

temporary cartilaginous joint that eventually ossifies (fuses) as the bone matures; example: the epiphyseal plates in growing bones

Question 10

Synovial Joints (Freely movable):
Planar/Gliding:

Answer 10

Allows for sliding movements between flat bone surfaces; example: the joints between the carpals in the wrist

Question 11

Hinge:

Answer 11

Permits flexion and extension movements like a door hinge; example: the elbow joint

Question 12

Pivot:

Answer 12

Allows for rotation around a single axis; example: the atlantoaxial joint in the neck where the axis vertebra rotates on the atlas

Question 13

Condylar (Condyloid)

Answer 13

Permits up-and-down and side-to-side movements; example: the wrist joint between the radius and carpals

Question 14

Saddle

Answer 14

A biaxial joint with both concave and convex surfaces allowing for movement in two planes; example: the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

Question 15

Ball-and-Socket

Answer 15

Allows for the widest range of motion, with a spherical head fitting into a cup-like socket; example: the shoulder joint (humerus in the scapula

Question 16

synarthrosis

Answer 16

an immovably fixed joint between bones connected by fibrous tissue (for example, the sutures of the skull).

Question 17

diarthrosis

Answer 17

synovial joint, is a freely movable joint that allows for a wide range of motion between two bones.

Question 18

major structural components of a typical synovial joint.

Answer 18

joint capsule, articular cartilage, synovial fluid, and ligaments.

Question 19

flexion

Answer 19

bending of a limb or joint.

Question 20

extension

Answer 20

the movement of a joint that increases the angle between two bones or body surfaces

Question 21

abduction

Answer 21

is a movement that involves moving a limb or body part away from the midline of the body.

Question 22

adduction

Answer 22

a movement that brings a body part closer to the midline of the body

Question 23

rotation

Answer 23

a movement around a fixed axis

Question 24

circumduction

Answer 24

the movement of a body region in a circular manner

Question 25

inversion

Answer 25

a movement of the foot where the sole turns inward, towards the midline of the body.

Question 26

eversion

Answer 26

the movement of the foot where the sole faces outward, away from the body's midline

Question 27

protraction

Answer 27

the movement of a body part forward or anteriorly

Question 28

retraction

Answer 28

the movement of a body part backward or towards its original position

Question 29

Skeletal muscle

Answer 29

Long, cylindrical fibers with visible striations, multiple nuclei located at the periphery of the cell; attached to bones.

Question 30

Cardiac Muscle

Answer 30

a specialized type of muscle tissue that forms the bulk of the heart -makes up the thick middle layer of the heart

Question 31

Smooth muscle

Answer 31

a type of muscle tissue that works automatically

Question 32

Gross Anatomy

Answer 32

Muscle belly, tendons, fascicles, Epimysium , Perimysium, Endomysium

Question 33

Muscle belly

Answer 33

main body of the muscle, containing the majority of muscle fibers.

Question 34

Tendons

Answer 34

Dense connective tissue that attaches the muscle to bone at either end.

Question 35

Fascicles

Answer 35

Bundles of muscle fibers enclosed by perimysium.

Question 36

Epimysium

Answer 36

A tough outer connective tissue layer that surrounds the entire muscle.

Question 37

Perimysium

Answer 37

A layer of connective tissue that separates fascicles within a muscle.

Question 38

Endomysium

Answer 38

Delicate connective tissue surrounding individual muscle fibers, containing capillaries and nerve fibers.

Question 39

Microscopic Anatomy

Answer 39

-Muscle Fiber -Sarcolemma -Sarcoplasm -Sarcomere

Question 40

Muscle Fiber

Answer 40

single skeletal muscle cell, elongated and multinucleated.

Question 41

Sarcolemma

Answer 41

The cell membrane of a muscle fiber.

Question 42

Sarcoplasm

Answer 42

The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

Question 43

Sarcomere

Answer 43

The functional unit of muscle contraction, containing thick filaments (myosin) and thin filaments (actin).

Question 44

skeletal muscle excitation, contraction and relaxation

Answer 44

temperature, pH, and electrolyte balance

Question 45

Temperature

Answer 45

Increased temperature: Faster enzyme activity, leading to increased cross-bridge cycling rate and muscle force generation. Decreased temperature: Slower enzyme activity, resulting in decreased muscle force.

Question 46

PH

Answer 46

Low pH (acidosis): Impairs muscle contraction by affecting protein structure and calcium handling. High pH (alkalosis): Can also disrupt muscle function.

Question 47

Electrolyte Balance:

Answer 47

Low sodium or potassium: Can disrupt action potential propagation and neuromuscular transmission. Imbalances in calcium levels: Directly impact calcium release from the SR, affecting muscle contraction.

Question 48

Skeletal muscle fibers

Answer 48

-slow oxidative -fast oxidative -fast glycolytic

Question 49

Type I (slow oxidative

Answer 49

muscle fibers that contract slowly and are fatigue resistant

Question 50

fast oxidative

Answer 50

muscle fibers that contract quickly and use aerobic respiration to produce energy.

Question 51

fast glycolytic

Answer 51

muscle fibers that contract quickly and generate force, but fatigue easily

Question 52

muscle attatchment

Answer 52

Muscles connect to bones via tendons, with the origin (fixed attachment) and insertion (movable attachment) determining the direction of movement when the muscle contracts.

Question 53

Agonist (Prime Mover):

Answer 53

The muscle primarily responsible for producing a specific movement, contracting to initiate the action.

Question 54

Antagonist:

Answer 54

The muscle that opposes the agonist, relaxing to allow the agonist's movement and then contracting to return the body part to its original position.

Question 55

Synergist:

Answer 55

A muscle that assists the agonist, stabilizing the joint and helping to refine the movement.

Question 56

Types of Motion

Answer 56

-Flexion -Extension -Abduction -Adduction

Question 57

Types of Muscle Contractions

Answer 57

-Isometric Contraction -Isotonic Contraction -Concentric Contraction: -Eccentric Contraction

Question 58

Isometric Contraction

Answer 58

Muscle generates tension without changing length, like pushing against a wall.

Question 59

Isotonic Contraction

Answer 59

Muscle length changes while generating constant tension, including: Concentric Contraction: Muscle shortens while contracting, like lifting a weight. Eccentric Contraction: Muscle lengthens while contracting, like slowly lowering a weight.

Question 60

Explain the process of smooth muscle contraction and contrast this process with that of skeletal muscle.

Answer 60

Structural organization: Smooth muscle lacks the organized sarcomeres seen in skeletal muscle, allowing for greater length changes and slower contractions.