Exam 2 Flashcards
What are the 3 layers of the heart?
epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
What is the fibroserous sac surrounding the heart called?
pericardium
What are the 4 valves of the heart called?
mitral, aortic, tricuspid, and pulmonary
What is the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole?
Preload
What represents the systemic resistance against which the left ventricle must pump?
Afterload
What is the ability to maintain or increase cardiac output in response to the body’s needs?
Cardiac reserve
What is the measurement of pressure, flow, and oxygenation within the cardiovascular system
Hemodynamic monitoring
What monitoring is utilized to assess heart function, fluid balance, and the effects and drugs cardiac output
Hemodynamic monitoring
What is the measurement of pulmonary capillary pressure, which reflects left ventricular end diastolic pressure under normal conditions?
Pulmonary Artery Wedge Pressure (PAWP)
What is a noninvasive and continuous method of determining arterial oxygenation
Pulse Oximetry
What are the sensitive indicators of myocardial injury and infarction?
Cardiac specific troponin, copeptin, and creatine kinase (CK)-MB
What is the marker of choice for differentiating a cardiac or respiratory cause of dyspnea?
B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)
What diagnostic can provide information about valvular structure and motion, heart chamber size and content, ventricular muscle and septal motion and thickness and pericardial sac?
Echocardiogram
What is the percentage of end-diastolic blood volume ejected during systole?
Ejection fraction
This type of blood pressure is defined as an SBP between 120-129 mm Hg and a DBP <80 mm Hg
Elevated blood pressure
This type of hypertension is defined as an SBP between 130-139 mm Hg OR a DBP between 80-89 mm Hg
Hypertension (Stage 1)
This type of hypertension is defined as an SBP >140 mm Hg or a DBP >90 mm Hg
Hypertension (Stage 2)
Why are basic laboratory studies done for?
- To identify or rule out causes of secondary hypertension
- To evaluate target organ disease
- To determine overall cardiovascular risk
4, To establish baseline levels before starting therapy
What type of hypertension is a failure to reach goal BP who are adhering to full doses of an appropriate 3-drug therapy regimen that includes a diuretic?
Resistant Hypertension
What does the 4 properties of heart cells do?
Enable the conduction system to start an electrical impulse, send it through the heart tissue, and stimulate the heart tissue to contract
What are the four properties of heart cells?
Automaticity, excitability, conductivity, and contractility
This term indicates either a hypertensive urgency or emergency
Hypertensive crisis
This is a graphic tracing of the electrical impulses produced in the heart
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
What is the treatment for PSVT (Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia)?
Vagal stimulation and IV adenosine
What is considered an atrial tachydysrhytmia identified by recurring, regular, sawtooth shaped flutter waves that originate from a single ectopic focus in the right atrium?
Atrial Flutter
What are patients at risk for due to atrial flutter?
Stroke
This is characterized by a total disorganization of atrial electrical activity caused by multiple ectopic foci resulting in loss of effective atrial contraction
Atrial fibrillation
