Exam 2 Flashcards
What is the larynx?
The hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal cords.
What is the trachea?
A large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lungs; also known as the windpipe.
What are the primary bronchi?
The airway in the respiratory tract that conducts air into the lungs from the trachea.
What are bronchioles?
Smaller branches of the bronchial airways in the respiratory tract.
What are alveoli?
Tiny air sacs of the lungs where rapid gaseous exchange happens - External respiration happens here!
What is vital capacity?
It is measured by a maximum inspiration followed by a maximum expiration and is the sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume.
What is total lung capacity?
Total amount of air contained in the lungs after a maximum inspiration.
What is expiratory reserve volume?
Amount of air a person can exhale after a normal resting expiration.
What is functional residual capacity?
Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a resting (tidal) expiration.
What is residual volume?
Amount of air left in the lungs after a maximum expiration. Increases with age and with COPD.
What is tidal volume?
Amount of air exchanged during a relaxed inspiration or a relaxed expiration.
What is inspiratory capacity?
The maximum amount of air a person can breathe in after a resting expiration.
What is inspiratory reserve volume?
Amount of air a person can breathe in after a resting inspiration.
What is COPD?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease refers to a number of disorders that affect movement of air in and out of the lungs within small airways and spaces and also characterized by mucociliary dysfunction. Two main conditions that make up the condition are obstructive bronchitis and emphysema.
What is clubbing?
When fingertips are enlarged and rounded in contrast to the rest of the finger due to poor oxygenation.
What is barrel chest?
Typical chest presentation when lungs are chronically hyperinflated; circumference of the upper chest appears larger than the lower chest; Anterior-posterior diameter increases to a 1:1 ratio with the medial-lateral diameter; diaphragm is no longer dome-shaped which limits thoracic excursion.
What is atelectasis?
A collapse of lung tissue; air sacs become deflated.
What is surfactant?
A substance composed of lipoprotein that is secreted by the alveolar cells of the lung. It coats the inside of the lungs and keeps the alveoli open.
What is asthma?
A condition characterized by hypersensitivity of the airways which flares up from allergens, irritants, or exercise.
What is pneumonia?
An infection of one or both lungs usually caused by bacteria, virus, or fungi.
What is cystic fibrosis?
An inherited disease of the exocrine glands of the body with thicker more viscous lung secretions.
What is emphysema?
With this obstructive condition, the airways produce little sputum; instead problems arise due to destruction of alveolar walls causing increased effort to exhale trapped air.
What is chronic obstructive bronchitis?
Patient with this condition is labeled as the ‘blue bloater’ due to cyanosis; patient typically has a productive cough due to mucous hyper secretion.
What is restrictive lung disease?
A group of diseases which results in difficulty expanding the lungs; with a reduction in lung.
What is internal respiration?
The exchange of gas that occurs between the capillary and the tissue.
What is external respiration?
The exchange of gas between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries.
What are the primary muscles of inspiration?
Diaphragm, scalenes, and parasternals; muscles used during quiet (at rest) breathing.
What are the accessory muscles of inspiration?
SCM, Upper Trap, Pec major and minor, subclavius - used in active inspiration (that beyond quiet breathing).
What is expiration?
A passive process at rest when the primary muscles of inspiration relax; occurs due to elastic recoil.
What are the accessory muscles of expiration?
Abdominals, pec major, quadratum lumborum - used in active expiration and with coughing/huffing.
What is pleura?
Serous membrane that lines the outer surface of each lung and the adjacent internal thoracic wall.
What are bronchodilators?
Medication which dilates the bronchioles (smooth muscle relaxation).
PT implications: encourage patients to bring their rescue bronchodilators to therapy sessions and watch for signs of toxicity (cardiac or vision abnormalities).
What are decongestants?
Vasoconstriction at the nasal mucosa to stop a runny nose.
PT implications: Watch for signs of increased sympathetic nervous system (nervousness, cardiac palpitations, tremors).
What are mucolytics/expectorants?
Medication which thins secretions so they are easier to clear.
PT implication - airway clearance interventions should be done within an hour of meds.
What are anti-inflammatories?
Prevent inflammation-mediated bronchoconstriction.
PT implications: watch for signs of nasal irritation.
What are anti-histamines?
Medication which blocks histamine.
PT implications: watch for orthostatic hypotension, nasal irritation/dryness, and sedation.
What is a nebulizer?
A device used to administer meds to people in the form of a mist inhaled into the lungs through a facemask.
What is endotracheal suctioning?
Mechanical aspiration of secretions using a suction catheter.
What is bronchoscopy?
A procedure during which an examiner uses a viewing tube to evaluate a patient’s lung and airways including the larynx, trachea, and branches of bronchi.
What is pulse oximetry?
A noninvasive method for monitoring a person’s oxygen saturation; also provides a pulse reading.
A range of 96% to 100% is generally considered normal for oxygen saturation. Activity should be stopped if O2 saturation drops lower than 90% in critically ill patients or below 85% in patients with chronic lung disease.
What are adventitious breath sounds?
Abnormal noises during the movement of air in the lungs. Types include: crackles (high pitched popping), rhonchi (low pitched gurgling/snoring), and wheezes (high-pitched whistling).
What are vesicular breath sounds?
Normal breath sounds; auscultation reveals a soft rustling sound during the beginning of exhalation.
What is apnea?
Cessation of breathing in the expiratory phase.
What is Cheyne-Stokes respiration?
Cycles of gradually increasing tidal volumes followed by decreasing tidal volumes and then apnea.
What is postural drainage?
A means of mobilizing secretions by placing the patient in various positions to assist drainage through gravity.
What is percussion in respiratory therapy?
Using a cupped hand to clap over a lung segment to mobilize secretions by mechanically dislodging mucus.
What is vibration in respiratory therapy?
Using hands to provide a shaking motion over the chest wall during expiration to move secretions/mucus.
What is shaking in respiratory therapy?
A more aggressive form of vibration applied during exhalation with intermittent bouncing/compression.
What is the postural drainage position for the upper lobe apical segments?
Seated, reclined 30-40 degrees.
What is the postural drainage position for the upper lobe posterior segments?
1/4 turn from prone with the head of the bed elevated 45 degrees.
What is the postural drainage position for the upper lobe anterior segment?
Supine.
What is the postural drainage position for the middle lobe?
1/4 turn from supine with foot of bed elevated 12 inches.
What is the postural drainage position for the lower lobe anterior basal segment?
Supine with foot of bed elevated 18 inches.
What is the postural drainage position for the lower lobe posterior basal segment?
Prone with foot of bed elevated 18 inches.
What is the postural drainage position for the lower lobe superior/apical segment?
Prone.
What is the postural drainage position for the lower lobe lateral basal segment?
Sidelying with foot of bed elevated 18 inches.
Where is the percussion area for the upper lobe?
Above or below the clavicle or at scapulae level.
Where is the percussion area for the middle lobe?
Between the axilla and nipple.
Where is the percussion area for the lower lobe?
Below scapulae or on lower ribs.
