EXAM 2 Flashcards
1
Q
sensation
A
the process that detects stimuli from our bodies and environment
2
Q
perception
A
the process that organizes those sensations into meaningful information
3
Q
absolute threshold
A
the minimum amount of stimulation that can be detected by the senses
4
Q
just noticeable difference (JND)
A
the smallest increase/decrease in a physical stimulus required to produce a change in sensation that a person can identify half the time
5
Q
Weber’s law
A
JND is based on a percentage/proportion of stimulus change rather than a fixed amount of change
6
Q
cornea
A
a tough, transparent protective layer of the eye; bends light rays inward through the pupil
7
Q
pupil
A
a small dark opening in the center of iris
8
Q
iris
A
responsible for dilating and contracting pupil to regulate the amount of light entering the eye
9
Q
lens
A
the transparent disk-shaped structure behind iris and pupil; focuses items on the retina
10
Q
rods
A
night vision and peripheral vision
11
Q
cones
A
day vision and color vision
12
Q
phi phenomenon
A
the brain has the ability to r produce apparent motion with distinct sensations
13
Q
beta movement
A
related phenomenon that allows us to see movies (still pictures)
14
Q
figure ground principle
A
- figure is perceived as form, ground appears formless
- counter line divides figure from background
- figure is in the foreground with the ground behind
15
Q
similarity
A
objects that have similar characteristics are grouped together
16
Q
proximity
A
objects that are close together are grouped together
17
Q
continuity
A
figures/objects that are perceived as belong together if there’s a continuous pattern
18
Q
closure
A
figures with gaps in them are perceived as complete
19
Q
decoding sound waves
A
- sound waves hit the ear drum
- tiny ear bones transmit the vibrations to the cochlea
- fluid bends hair cells and triggers impulses in nerve cells
- nerve cells transmit a signal to the auditory cortex
20
Q
gustation
A
the sense of taste (sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami)
21
Q
taste buds
A
structures in any of ht tongues paella composed of 60-100 receptor cells of taste
22
Q
papillae
A
the small bumps on the tongue containing taste buds
23
Q
controlled processes
A
most active state where you’re focused on a goal
24
Q
automatic processes
A
when something requires little conscious effort so the task is put on auto and attention is divided
24
daydreaming
low level of conscious effort where the mind wanders when it's tired of focusing
25
who invented the term stream of conscious and consciousness of the self
William James
26
Freud's Consciousness Theory
1. conscious
2. pre-conscious
3. unconscious
27
archetypes (Jung)
biological experiences we get when we are born that brings all humans together across all cultures
28
synchronicity (Jung)
coincidences have meaning
29
Kihlstrom's Consciousness Theory
1. conscious
2. preconsciousness
3. unconscious
4. self-consciousness
30
psychoactive drug
chemical substances that alter perceptions and mood
31
physical dependence
withdrawal and physiological need for a drugp
32
psychological dependence
psychological need of a drug for wellbeing
33
tolerance
diminishing effect with regular use
34
stimulant drugs
excite neural activity and speed up body functions (ex. caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, and amphetamines)
35
depressant drugs
reduce neural activity and slow body functions (ex. alcohol, barbiturates, opiates)
36
rate of safe alcohol consumption
1 drink/hr
37
opiate drugs
depress neural activity and temporarily lessening anxiety and pain (ex. morphine, heroin)
38
psychedelic/hallucinogen drugs
distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
39
sleep
altered state of consciousness that is natural, periodic, and reversible
40
hypnosis
a procedure in which the practitioner suggests changes in a subject's sensations, perceptions, thoughts, feelings, or behavior
41
alpha wave
slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain with low frequency and high amplitude
42
theta waves
small regular waves
43
delta waves
large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep
44
the five stages of sleep
1-2: light sleep
3-4: deep sleep
5: REM
(2 and 3 are transitional stages)
45
REM deprivation
REM rebound where having less sleep than needed causes really vivid dreams
46
dreams
a sequences of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind
47
"the royal road to the unconscious"
Freud
48
manifest
remembered story line and has a literal meaning
49
lantent
not bound by logic, very childish and creative but has a deeper meaning
50
repression
stored wishes in the unconscious that prevent understanding of the latent
51
insomnia
persistent problems in falling/staying asleep or getting a sufficient amount of sleep
52
narcolepsy
sudden, irresistible, uncontrollable attacks of drowsiness + REM sleep during the days
53
sleep apnea
temporary cessation/stopping of breathing during sleep that causes momentary re-awakenings
54
night terrors
high arousal and appearance of being terrified accompanied by physiological reactions during slow wave sleep
55
somnambulism
sleep walking and sleep talking (stage 4)
56
classical conditioning
the process of making associations
57
operant conditioning
uses rewards and punishments
58
acquisition
the initial stage of learning during which a response is established and gradually strengthened
59
extinction
the diminishing of the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus
60
spontaneous recovery
the sudden reappearance after a rest period of an extinguished conditioned response
61
discrimination
the ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and another stimulus
62
generalization
once conditioned stimulus/response is established, a stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus can evoke similar response
63
law of effect
rewarded behavior is most likely to recur - Thorndike
64
operant chamber ("skinner box")
a soundproof chamber with a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water - B.F. Skinner
65
reinforcer
anything that encourages behavior
66
examples of primary reinforcers
food, water, temperature
67
examples of secondary reinforcers
reinforcing properties through pairing with primary reinforcers
68
examples of social reinforcers
smiles, frowns, praise, attention
69
positive reinforcer
reinforcers that encourage with desirables
70
negative reinforcer
reinforcers encourage by taking away undesirables
71
shaping
reinforcers guide behavior in closer proximity to a goal
72
punishment
an aversive thing/event that decreases behavior
73
schedule of reinforcement
frequency with which behavior is reinforced
74
continuous reinforcement
reinforcing desired response each time and learning occurs rapidly, but extinction is fast
75
partial reinforcement
does not occur each time behavior occurs and results in slower acquisition, but extinction occurs slowly
76
positive punishment
an aversive stimulus is provided so behavior is decreasing
77
negative punishment (omission training)
taking away a wanted stimulus to decrease a certain behavior
78
behaviorism
theoretical position that the goal of psychology should be to study only observable behaviors and explain them through learning principles - Watson and Skinner
79
systematic desensitization
a counterconditioning procedure using relaxation techniques to help manage phobias - Joseph Wolpe
80
intrinsic motivation
the desire to perform a behavior for its own sake which goes beyond reward/punishment
81
extrinsic motivation
the desire to form a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishments - focus of behaviorists
82
overjustification effect
the effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do
83
modeling
the process of observing and imitating behavior
84
observational learning
learning that is done through observation and imitation of the observed behavior - Bandura
85
encoding
the process of putting information into a form (codes) that memory systems can adapt and use
86
storage
retention of encoded information over time
87
retrieval
process of getting information stored in memory
88
effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
89
automatic processing
automatic and unconscious with incidental info
90
levels of processing model
the more deeply we encode and process information, the more likely we will remember it
91
maintenance rehearsal
a process of retaining information that involves repetition; quick and easy but not retained well
92
elaborative rehearsal
a process of retaining information that involves relating stimuli to information you already have stored in memory, applying new material; takes more effort but lasts longer
93
iconic memory
a visual stimulus <1 second
94
echoic memory
auditory stimulus that lasts 3-4 seconds
95
chunking
organizing bits of information into familiar, manageable units
96
examples of memory aids
patterns, associations, alphabetize, images, loci memory, senses
97
cognitive psychology
the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of higher mental processes
98
concepts
the mental groupings of similar objects, events, or people
99
prototype
typical, highly representative examples of a concept; base of comparison
100
deductive reasoning
reasoning from general to specific
101
inductive reasoning
reasoning from specific to general
102
heuristic
a thinking strategy that may lead to a solution but sometimes lead to errors
103
availability heuristic
judges probability of an event on how easy it is to think of examples
104
familiarity heuristic
familiar items are more superior
105
means-ends analysis
a strategy in which a problem solver considers the ultimate goal and determines the best strategy for attaining the goal
106
insight
a sudden awareness of the relationship among various elements that had previously appeared to be unrelated to each other - based on prior experience
107
confirmation bias
the motivation to interpret evidence as support of their existing beliefs/theories even when they find contradictions
108
fixation
inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective
109
framing
the way an issue is posed, can significantly affect decisions and judgements
110
decision making
assessing and choosing among alternatives
111
uncertainty
estimating probabilities based on past experiences
112
algorithmic bias
when AI solutions show gender bias
113
neural network
information represented in a number of locations simultaneously and signals from widely separated clusters of neural activity come together in convergence zones to process information
114
psychometric approach
statistical techniques are used to define intellectual skills and abilities
115
minimal theoretical basis
no underlying construct or theory was used to devise tests - iq tests were just created
116
cultural bias
iq scores depend on language and cultural experiences
117
stereotype threat
a burden of doubt one feels about their performance due to negative stereotypes about their group's abilities
118
emotional intelligence
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions - part of social intelligence
