Exam 2 Flashcards
Rural people integrated into a larger
society politically and economically
Peasants
Seasonal mobility, often
involving migration to high-altitude
areas during the hottest and driest parts
of the year
Nomadism
The giving of goods
without expectation of a return of equal value
at any definite future time
Generalized Reciprocity
The exchange of
goods considered to have roughly equal
value; social purposes usually motivate the
exchange
Balanced Reciprocity
Exchange motivated
by the desire to obtain goods, in which
the parties try to gain all the material goods
they can
Negative Reciprocity
The collection of goods or
money from a group, followed by a reallocation to the group by a central authority
Redistribution
The rendering of goods (typically
including food) to an authority such as a
chief
Tribute
“Blood” relatives, or people
related by birth
Consanguines
In-laws, or people related by marriage
Affines
Condition in which people
who are not biologically related behave as if
they are relatives of a certain type
Fictive Kinship
Prohibition against sexual inter-
course between certain kinds of relatives
Incest Taboo
Marriage rules prohibiting
individuals from marrying a member of their
own social group or category
Exogamous Rules
Marriage rules requiring
individuals to marry some member of their
own social group or category
Endogamous Rules
Each individual is allowed to
have only one spouse at a time
Monogamy
Multiple spouses
Polygamy
One man is allowed to have multiple
wives
Polygyny
One woman is allowed to have
multiple husbands
Polyandry
Several women and several
men are married to one another
simultaneously
Group Marriage
Custom whereby a widow marries a
male relative (usually a brother) of her
deceased husband
Levirate
Custom whereby a widower marries
a female relative of his deceased wife
Sororate
Custom in which a prospective
groom and his relatives are required to transfer goods to the relatives of the bride to validate the marriage
Bridewealth
Custom in which a man spends a
period of time working for the family of his
wife
Brideservice
Custom in which the family of a
woman transfers property or wealth to her
and/or her husband’s family upon her
marriage
Dowry
Residence form in which
couples live with or near the husband’s
parents
Patrilocal Residence
Residence form in
which couples live with or near the wife’s
parents
Matrilocal Residence
Residence form in
which a couple establishes a separate
household apart from both the husband’s
and the wife’s parents
Neolocal Residence
Residence form in
which couples live with or near the mother’s
brother of the husband
Avunculocal Residence
Form of descent in which
individuals trace their most important kinship
relationships through their fathers
Patrilineal Descent
Form of descent in
which individuals trace their primary kinship
relationships through their mothers
Matrilineal Descent
A unilineal descent group larger than
an extended family whose members can
actually trace how they are related
Lineage
A named unilineal descent group, some
of whose members are unable to trace how
they are related, but who still believe them-
selves to be kinfolk
Clan
Form of descent in
which individuals do not regularly associate
with either matrilineal or patrilineal relatives, but make choices about whom to live
with, whose land to use, and so forth
Nonunilineal Descent
Kinship terminology
system in which no nuclear family kin term is
extended to more distant relatives; nuclear
family members have unique terms
Eskimo Terminology
Kin terminology
system in which only sex and generation are
relevant in defining labeled categories of
relatives
Hawaiian Terminology
Kinship terminology system in which Ego calls parallel cousins the same terms as siblings, calls father’s brother the same as father, calls mother’s sister the same as mother, and uses unique terms for the children of father’s sister and mother’s brother
Iroquois Terminology
Kinship terminology system associated with patrilineal descent in which Ego’s mother’s relatives are distinguished only by their sex
Omaha Terminology
Physical differences
based on genetic differences between
females and males
Sexual Dimorphism
The degree to which
males and females are unequal in dimensions
such as status, power or influence, access to
valued resources, eligibility for social positions, and ability to make decisions about
their own lives
Gender Stratification
Definitions of
sexual identities beyond the female and male
duality, including third and fourth genders
such as man–woman or woman–man
Multiple Gender Identities
