Exam 2 Flashcards
MHC Class I
Anti-tumor immune protein that presents tumor markers to killer T cells. Found on almost all cells in the body, including tumor cells.
MHC Class II
Anti-tumor immune protein that presents tumor markers to help her T cells. Only found on select immune cells (B cells, DC cells, macrophages)
Neutrophil
Phagocytic cell
Release toxic granules
No MHC class ll
Macrophage
Phagocytic cell
Has MHC class ll (can signal to helper T cells)
Dendritic Cell
Phagocytic cell
Has MHC class ll (very good at signaling to helper T cell)
B Cell
Makes and releases antibodies, WBC
Has MHC class ll (can signal to helper T cells)
Killer T Cell
Recognize MHC class I and it’s presented tumor marker on cancer cells and destroyed the cancer cells by releasing cell killing chemicals (AKA Cytotoxic T cells)
Helper T Cell
Anti-tumor- Recognize MHC class Il and its presented tumor marker on immune cells (such as dendritic cells) and release chemical signals to boost the immune response
(Ex: by recruiting other types of immune cells to the tumor)
Regulatory T Cell
Pro-tumor (Treg) can directly kill anti-tumor immune cells, can also suppress the immune response by releasing immune-dampening chemical messages
Immune System
Proteins, cells, tissues, and organs which can provide protection against bacteria, viruses, and cancer
Immune Response
Activation of immune proteins, cells, etc…against an invading bacteria/virus or cancer
Immune Surveillance
Monitoring process of immune system to find and kill abnormal (tumor) cells
Immune Evasion
The ability for cancer cells to evade detection by the immune system, which allows tumors to grow and develop unchecked
Immunotherapy
A type of treatment that improves the immune response against cancer by increasing presence of anti-tumor immune cells and proteins and/or by decreasing the presence of pro-tumor immune cells and proteins
PD-L1
Pro-tumor immune protein.
Connection of PD-L1 with the PD-1 receptor in activates T cell
Programmed death-ligand 1:
PD-1
Pro tumor immune protein
Found on the surface of tea cells
Antibody
Secreted by B cells, extracellular, immune protein that combined to a specific target on a virus, bacterium, or tumor cell. Antibodies mark invaders in the body, other immune cells detect antibodies and will destroy the marked invader.
List the location(s) where immune proteins can be found.
Found inside the cell (intracellular), on the surface of the cell, and outside of the cell (extra cellular)
There are two types of surface immune proteins. The _____ acts as a key, and the matching _____ acts as the ignition.
Ligand, receptor
Briefly describe the difference between anti-tumor immune proteins and pro-tumor immune proteins.
Anti-tumor proteins, promote immune response (immunostimulator)
List the 7 steps of metastasis in the correct order.
1) primary tumor growth
2) Invasion of nearby normal tissue
3) Intravaslation of nearby lymph nodes or blood vessels
4) Transport through the lymphatic system or bloodstream
5) Extravasation and invasion of surrounding tissue
6) Colonization of metastatic site and formation of tumor
7) Neovascularization
Metastasis
the process by which cancer cells spread from the primary tumor to other parts of the body
Chemotaxis
direct cell migration in response to an extra cellular chemical gradient
Chemokines
small signaling proteins that direct the migration of cells
Chemokine Receptors:
cell surface proteins that bind to chemokines and can transmit an intracellular signal
What are the three most common sites, or preferential metastatic sites, where cancer tends to spread?
Bone, liver, and lung
Seed and Soil Theory:
In 1889 Dr. Stephen Paget proposed certain cancers can more easily metastasize into specific, microenvironments, just like seeds can only live and grow if they fall on congenial soil
Mechanistic Theory:
In 1929 James Ewing proposed the location of metastasis (metastatic preference) depend depends on lymph or blood flow (ease of travel or entry)
List the four factors that influence invasion and metastasis.
Extracellular matrix remodeling
Loss of cell adhesion
Cytoskeleton reorganization
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition
T or F
The extracellular matrix can function as both a barrier that must be crossed for cancer invasion and track which cancers cells may migrate.
True
Cell adhesion (de-adhesion)
Solid adhesion is a process in which cells interact with other cells or the extracellular matrix. Solid adhesion and it’s reversal (de-adhesion) influence the invasion of nearby normal tissues, intravasation of nearby lymph or blood vessels, and extravasation and invasion of surrounding tissues
Anoikis
Detachment induced cell death
Cells migrate by reorganizing their ___________ into bundles of actin that form membrane protrusions called lamellipodia and filopodia.
Cytoskeleton
What protein does cancer cells stop making to migrate?
E-Cadherin
What are markers of the epithelial to messenchymal transition
Gain of mobility
Disassembly of cell to cell contracts
Degradation of ECM through secretions of MMPs
Reorganization of cytoskeleton
Acquisition of spindle-shaped morphology
What is true about angiogenesis
Angiogenesis is the formation of blood vessels from an existing vessel architecture
Angiogenesis takes place in both normal and diseased blood vessels.
CD4+T cells
Immune system instructors
CD8+T cells
Killers of infected or cancerous cells
What does VEGF stand for
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
Normal Blood Vessels:
Recognizable hierarchy, regular blood flow, even vessel diameter
Tumor Blood Vessels:
Lack of hierarchy, chaotic flow patterns, decreased perfusion, sprouting endothelial cells
What is true about hypoxia
Hypoxia is a condition in which the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply
Hypoxia is the opposite of normaxia (normal oxygen supply)
Hypoxia is most likely to occur in the interior part of a tumor (farthest location from the blood supply)
Angiogenesis occurs during what
Embryogenesis, Wound Healing, Metastasis, Organogenesis
5 steps of angiogenesis (beginning to end)
1- production of protease (breakdown the lining)
2- Migration (cell movement)
3- Proliferation (creation of new cell)
4- Vascular tube formation (make the right structure)
5- Maturation (finish)
T or F
VEGF promotes angiogenesis
True
Define tumor microenvironment.
A small scale environment that is part of a larger environment
The physical and cellular environment in which a tumor exists
The TME is heterogeneous with many accessory/normal cells in addition to cancerous cells
Name the four hallmark features of a tumor microenvironment.
immune cells
stromal cells
blood vessels
extracellular matrix
Briefly describe how a tumor could foster a relationship between itself and its surroundings to overcome a hypoxic and acidic microenvironment.
The TME promotes angiogenesis to restore oxygen and nutrient supply
Tumors, foster or relationship between itself and its surroundings to support cancer cell survival, local invasion, and metastasis dissemination
Tumors become infiltrated with diverse immune cells that can perform both pro and anti-tumor functions
A tumor is more than just abnormal cells. Tumor cells themselves are_________, meaning not uniform.
heterogeneous
T or F
The tumor microenvironment varies greatly from cancer to cancer, but always plays a crucial role in tumor development, progression, and treatment response.
T
Describe the difference of acute leukemia cells and chronic leukemia cells.
Acute:
accumulation of immature cells (undifferentiated, fast growing)
Chronic:
accumulation of mature cells (differentiated, slow growing)
Cold tumor:
exclusion of CD8+ T cells and NK cells from the tumor, Immunosuppressive immune cells in tumor, poor prognosis, and poor response to immunotherapy. Ex- pancreatic
Hot tumor
CD8+ T cells and NK cells are present in fumor, suppression of immunosuppressive cell types, improved, prognosis, and killing of tumor cells with immunotherapy treatment. Ex-lung
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is the most common adult leukemia in the western world. The median age at diagnosis is ____. Patients are found to have a _____ white blood cell count and/or _________, Patients become _______ susceptible to infections as the disease progresses.
70, high, lymphadenopathy, more
T or F
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells are more fragile than normal B cells.
T
T or F
When chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells are placed on a slide, under a coverslip, the cells break and “smudge” on the slide. The smudge cells are used to diagnose CLL.
T
Define gut microbiome and give 2 examples of key components of the microbiome
Gut microbiome refers to the composition of microbial species that coexist in complex, multi-species, microbial communities.
Key components include bacteria, fungi, archaea, protozoa, and viruses
What are factors that influence the gut microbiome
Diet, environment, antibiotics, host immune response, genetics, gut brain axis
What is the easiest way to obtain a gut microbiome sample?
Fecal samples
List the four steps required to accurately study the gut microbiome.
Obtain a fecal sample,
Microbial DNA isolation
Sequencing samples to determine composition and function
Visualize data
Give an example of how the gut microbiome influences one of the following types of cancer - multiple myeloma or lymphoma.
Lymphoma: intake of high-fiber diet increased metabolite in the blood and tumor, metabolite cause decrease in cancer growth, and increase of cancer cell death
Multiple myeloma: bacteria and gut microbiome enhances immune cells, the immune cells migrate to TME, immune cells+ Cytokines work together and drive to more progression
Who’s the best boyfriend ever?
Sam!
Dysbiosis
Change in diversity of healthy flora
Tight junction barriers
Area between cells in the intestine, prevent leaking between cells
Metabolite
Substance producing during metabolism of a product (butyrate is a bacterial metabolite producing during the breakdown of fiber)
Bacterial translocation
The movement of bacteria from one place to another (From within the intestine to the circulation)
Antigen presentation
Process that allows T cells to recognize antigens presented one antigen-presenting cells (b-cells, dendritic cells)
16S rRNA
Message that allows for characterization of a large number of technical or biological microbiome replicates; Generally identified down to the genus or species level
Shotgun metagenomics
Method that allows for mapping of the taxonomic composition of a sample, evaluation of genes, and characterizes the functional potential of microbial communities
Technical replicates
Repeated measurements of the same sample (Analyzing one sample six
Biological replicates
Different samples measured across different conditions (six human samples, each measured once)
Th-17 cells
CD4+ T cells subset, characterized by production of IL-17
IL-17
Inflammatory cytokine
Peyer’s patches
Small group of tissues that contains immune cells (B cell, T cell, dendritic cells)
Eosinophils
Type of white blood cell that protects from foreign bacteria
Anti-proliferative
Suppression of cell growth
Pro-apoptotic
Promoting or causing apoptosis
Alpha diversity
Number of organisms in a sample and how abundant they are
Beta diversity
Measure the dissimilarity between two different groups
Relative abundance
Portion of specific microbes present in a microbio community
T or F: animals intended for use in research facilities or governed by federal law
True
What federal law ensures the humane treatment of animals in research facilities
The animal welfare act
What is the name of the institution that reviews and approves protocols for animal experimentation?
IACUC (institutional animal care and use committees)
What are the three Rs for animal research and a description of each?
Replacement- using non-animal models, such as microorganisms or mammal cell cultures, computer simulations, or species lower on the phylogenetic scale
reduction- using methods aimed at reducing the number of animals, such as minimize of variability, appropriate selection of animal model, minimization of animal loss, and careful experimental design
Refinement -the elimination or reduction of unnecessary pain and distress
Name three types of animal models used in cancer research
Chemically induced models
Tumor transplantation models
Genetically engineered models
A _______ transplantation model involves the transplantation of cells or tissues from one species into another
Xeno
A ________ transplantation is transplantation of cells or tissues from one member of a species to another member of the same species
Allo
The core-lox system is an example of a:
Genetically modified mouse model
What are three reasons why mice are a common model organism for cancer research?
Genetically similar
Physiologically and anatomically similar
Several strains in genetically engineered models available
Cost-effective
Size/ease of breeding and use
Three reasons for animal test
Animals provide a whole organism context for studying complex. Interactions, they allow researchers to study mechanisms and the progression of disease and living organisms, animal models are essential for pre-clinical test testing for new treatments to evaluate safety before humans
Three reasons against animal test
Animals raised ethical issues regarding the treatment and welfare of the animals, significant biological difference between animals and humans which can lead to inaccurate information, advances, and technology have led to the development of alternative options
Characteristics of MHC class l
Found on most cells, including cancer, immune, and non-immune cells
Causes a direct killing immune response
Killer T cells
Characteristics of MHC class ll
Found on some types of immune cells
Recruits other cells to help with them immune response
Helper T cells
Characteristics of both classes of MHC
Work to induce immune response against cancer
Function to present to cell markers to immune cells
Major histocompatibility complex, anti-tumor immune proteins, acting as red flags to alert, immune cells to the presence of a tumor through signaling
