Exam 2 Flashcards
Where does airborne particulate matter come from?
man-made matter, natural matter, wildfires
True or False:
PM10 and PM2.5 are much smaller than the diameter of a human hair
true
What diseases are typically associated with repeated exposure to airborne particulate matter (APM)?
chronic bronchitis, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Ciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells provide the primary defense mechanism to expel what from the lung?
PM2.5
True or False:
Blood pressure = cardiac output * heart rate
false
BP = cardiac output x total peripheral resistance
What is true of digoxin toxicity?
it causes arrythmias and can involve gastrointestinal symptoms
True or False:
Vitamin D hypervitaminosis causes coronary artery calcification
true
True or False:
Lead poisoning during childhood lowers blood pressure
false
leads to hypertension
What is not an air pollutant per the NAAQS?
mercury
Photochemical smog is produced by?
VOCs + NO2 + heat + sunlight
What is the main function of ozone in the stratosphere?
ozone blocks harmful solar radiation (UVC) from reaching the earth’s surface
The Ozone Hole was first discovered over ?
Antarctica (South Pole)
What can be said of the ozone?
ozone greatly affects lung performance measured by the Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV)
In the breakdown of ozone, what is the principle source of the chlorine atom?
chloro-fluoro-carbons
What is true of air pollution?
- a secondary pollutant is not directly emitted as such, but forms when other pollutants react in the atmosphere
- northeast of the USA is more strongly affected by acid rain
- atmospheric ozone production is the main source of photochemical air pollution affecting human health
The main source of man-made sulfur dioxide release is ?
coal-burning power plants
What are the main components of acid rain?
sulfuric acid and nitric acid
How do acid depositions damage trees?
direct damage to leaves and bark, reducing photosynthesis and growth, and via soil acidification
What is pulmonary circulation?
transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs to get oxygen, and then back to the heart
What is systemic circulation?
carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the tissues and cells, and then back to the heart
Outline blood flow
1.) deoxygenated blood from tissues enters the right atrium via
superior & inferior vena cava
2.) right atrium contracts > blood flows into the relaxed right
ventricle
3.) right ventricle contracts > blood is pumped to lungs via
pulmonary artery
4.) left atrium receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins
5.) left atrium contracts > blood flows into the left ventricle
6.) left ventricle contracts > blood is pumped into the aorta, the
largest artery in the body > carries blood to all parts of the body
Outline the heart’s conduction system
1.) electrical impulses begin in the sinoatrial node
2.) electrical wave travels from the sinoatrial node, through the atria,
causing them to contract, or go into systole
3.) atrioventricular node is stimulated
4.) AV node transfers the stimulation wave to the atrioventricular bundle
5.) electrical signals travel down the interventricular septum
6.) Purkinje fibers in the ventricular myocardium are stimulated, resulting in ventricular systole
What are the three types of blood vessels?
arteries - wide and carry oxygenated blood
veins - have a valve and carry deoxygenated blood
capillaries - tiny and connect arteries to veins + exchange waste
What is systolic pressure?
during ventricular systole, blood is under a lot of pressure from the ventricular contraction, giving highest blood pressure level
What is diastolic pressure?
during ventricular diastole, blood is not being pushed by the heart and the blood pressure reading drops to its lowest point
What is an example of an alkaloid plant toxin?
muscarine
What is an accurate statement about the functions of plant toxins?
they help defend the plant against predation
What is true regarding terpenes
they often have strong odors
derived biosynthetically from units of isoprene (C5H8)
are hydrocarbons
The primary molecular targets of taxine-A and taxine-B found in the English Yew tree are?
voltage-dependent calcium channels
Deaths caused by cardiac glycoside toxicity are most often a result of?
initiation of cardiac arrhythmias
True or False:
Strychnine is an antagonist of nicotinic receptors.
false
competitive antagonist of glycine receptors
What is true of D-tubocurarine?
it’s a nicotinic antagonist that was widely used in the middle of the 20th century as a paralytic agent during surgical procedures
True or False:
Respiratory paralysis can be caused by disruption of nicotinic receptor signaling at the neuromuscular junction.
true
What is true of atropine?
found in the deadly nightshade plant (belladonna)
atropine poisoning can cause tachycardia
when applied as eye drops atropine causes pupil dilation
Cocaine-related deaths are often a result of?
cardiac arrest or seizures followed by respiratory arrest
What is true of quinine?
first effective Western treatment for malaria
naturally occurs in the bark of the cinchona tree
found in tonic water sold in the United States
Vinca alkaloids (e.g. vinblastine and vincristine) and taxol (paclitaxel) prevent cell division by?
interfering with mitotic spindle microtubule assembly/disassembly
What is an effective agent in the management of
chronic pain?
opioids
What is true of muscimol?
exerts sedative-hypnotic, depressant and hallucinogenic psychoactivity by acting as a GABAA receptor agonist
What are hallucinogenic alkaloid toxins?
psilocybin
mescaline
ergotamine
Which mushroom has been involved in the majority of human deaths caused by mushroom poisoning?
amanita phalloides (death cap mushroom)
