Exam 2 Flashcards
What is Ejection Fraction?
% of the total amount of blood in the heart that is pumped each beat
Reported on Echo
Define Cardiac Output.
Amount of blood the heart pumps per minute
What does Central Venous Pressure (CVP) indicate?
Pressure of blood in the large veins near the right atrium, in the inferior and superior vena cava
Good indicator of hydration status
What is Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR)?
How hard the heart has to work to get blood out to the periphery
What is Stroke Volume (SV)?
Amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each beat
What are Arterial Blood Pressures?
Force exerted by the blood against the walls of the arteries
Hyperkalemia is characterized by what level of potassium?
> 4.5 mEq
What is a key EKG change seen in Hyperkalemia?
Tall peaked T waves
What distinguishes A-Fib from A-Flutter?
A-Fib: Irregular rhythm with chaotic electrical signals
A-Flutter: Regular rhythm with AV conduction problem
What is the treatment for A-Fib?
Cardioversion, Amiodarone, Treat underlying cause
What is the treatment for A-Flutter?
Digoxin, Amiodarone, Cardioversion
What are the 5 steps to EKG Rhythm Analysis?
- Determine speed of HR
- Determine heart rhythm
- Determine if it is preceded by a P-wave
- Determine ORS complex
- Check if all complexes look the same
List reasons why someone may need a cardiac catheterization.
- Chest pain
- Irregular heartbeat
- Heart valve problems
- Heart attack
- Congenital heart disease
- Coronary artery disease
- Cardiomyopathy
What is Angina?
Acute chest pain due to severe narrowing of the coronary arteries
What characterizes Stable Angina?
Occurs with moderate to prolonged exertion, rarely requires aggressive treatment
What is Unstable Angina?
Increased frequency and resistance to meds and rest, increases MI risk
What is Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA)?
A drug that breaks up blood clots to treat strokes and heart attacks
What does V-Tach look like on an EKG?
Often a rate of 170 or more, regular rhythm, P-wave ABSENT
What is the primary intervention for V-Fib?
Immediate defibrillation
What is a 1st degree heart block?
> 0.2 seconds PR interval with regular rhythm
Describe a 3rd degree heart block.
No sinus impulses reach ventricles, no coordination between P and QRS
What does the P wave signify in a cardiac complex?
Atrial depolarization
What is the role of a pacemaker?
Initiate a heartbeat when the internal system is malfunctioning
What is the difference between Temporary and Permanent Pacers?
Temporary: Nonsurgical, invasive methods; Permanent: Identify and terminate dysrhythmias
What is Cardioversion?
Synchronized, low energy shock to restore normal rhythm
What are the indications for calling a Rapid Response Team (RRT)?
- HR >140 bpm or <40 bpm
- SBP >180 or <90
- Acute change in mental status
- RR >28 or <8
- O2 <90% despite supplemental O2
- Urine output <50mL over 4 hours
What are Catecholamines?
Drugs that make contractions of the heart stronger
What is Hypertensive Emergency?
BP > 180/120 & new or worsening target organ damage
What is the treatment for Hypertensive Emergency?
Lower SBP by no more than 25% in the 1st hour
What does IABP stand for and its uses?
Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump; used for left ventricular failure after cardiac surgery
What is Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA)?
Use of balloon-tipped catheter to dilate the stenotic area
What does an Atherectomy involve?
Excision and removal of plaque
What is a Coronary Stent?
Metal structure introduced into the coronary artery by guidewire and then expanded
