Exam 2

Question 1

Large, complex molecules found in the cells of all living things

Answer 1

Proteins

Question 2

Building blocks for most body structures
Cells: muscles, bones, ect

Answer 2

Protein

Question 3

What makes up a whole protein?

Answer 3

Multiple amino acids bound together.

Question 4

How many nonessential amino acids?

Answer 4

11

Question 5

How many essential amino acids?

Answer 5

9

Question 6

Breakdown of proteins, alteration of protein’s 3-D structure, destroy proteins function

Answer 6

Denaturation

Question 7

Hydrochloric acid dentures proteins
Hydrochloric acid converts Pepsinogen into pepsin

Answer 7

Digestion in the Stomach (Protein)

Question 8

The pancreas and small intestine secrete enzymes for protein digestion
Pancreatic enzymes complete protein digestion

Answer 8

Digestion in the small intestine (Protein)

Question 9

What is the end result of digestion of a protein in the small intestine?

Answer 9

Single amino acids, di- and tri- peptides

Question 10

Chewing and crushing moisten protein-rich foods and mix them with saliva to be swallowed

Answer 10

Digestion in the mouth and salivary glands (Protein)

Question 11

Hydrochloric acid uncoils protein strands and activates stomach enzymes

Answer 11

Digestion in the stomach (Protein)

Question 12

Pancreatic and small intestinal enzyme split polypeptides further
Then enzymes on the surface of the small intestinal cells hydrolyze these peptides and the cells absorb them

Answer 12

Digestion in the small intestine and pancreas (Protein)

Question 13

Short peptides and amino acids actively absorbed
Amino acids unused by intestinal cells are transported to the liver

Answer 13

Protein absorption

Question 14

What are amino acids in the liver used for?

Answer 14

Protein synthesis, Energy need, Conversion to carbohydrate or fat or released into the bloodstream

Question 15

How are amino acids produced?

Answer 15

New proteins are synthesized from the amino acids we eat (Growth)

Question 16

How are amino acids produced?

Answer 16

Proteins in the body are broken down to supply energy (Malnutrition and disease)

Question 17

What determines protein need?

Answer 17

Nitrogen balance

Question 18

What causes an immune response in response to a protein in food?

Answer 18

A food allergy

Question 19

Does not lead to an immune response, not related to a protein in food, not life threatening

Answer 19

A food intolerance

Question 20

Essential energy source, part of every disaccharide, most abundant in CHO, stored as glycogen

Answer 20

Glucose

Question 21

Sweetest of the sugars, fruits and honey. In liver metabolized to glucose, glycogen, fat and lactic acid

Answer 21

Fructose

Question 22

Converted to glucose in the liver

Answer 22

Galactose

Question 23

Pairs of two monosaccharides- linked through condensation by glycosidic bonds

Answer 23

Dissaccharides

Question 24

“Complex carbohydrates”

Answer 24

Polysaccharides

Question 25

Most consist of hundreds to thousands of glucose molecules linked together

Answer 25

Polysaccharides

Question 26

Three types of polysaccharides

Answer 26

Glycogen, starches, fibers

Question 27

A polysaccharide stored by animals/humans

Answer 27

Glycogen

Question 28

Not a source of dietary carbohydrates

Answer 28

Glycogen

Question 29

Polysaccharide mainly stored in liver and muscle cells, from liver can be converted into blood glucose, from muscles can supply muscles with glucose for energy

Answer 29

Glycogem

Question 30

Polysaccharides stored from glucose in plants

Answer 30

Starch

Question 31

Indigestible polysaccharides, but can be fermented by microbes

Answer 31

Fiber

Question 32

Dietary fibers that dissolve in water, extensively used by bacteria in colon

Answer 32

Soluble fibers

Question 33

Dietary fibers that don't dissolve in water, used less by bacteria in colon

Answer 33

Insoluble fibers

Question 34

Dietary fibers that promote bowel movements, lower risk of colon cancer

Answer 34

Insoluble fibers

Question 35

Break down to glucose for absorption and use as energy

Answer 35

Carb digestion

Question 36

The enzyme salivary amylase starts to hydrolyze starch into shorter polysaccharides and to the disaccharide maltose

Answer 36

Enzyme/carb digestion in the mouth

Question 37

Digestion does not occur here. Stomach acids inactivate salivary amylase

Answer 37

Enzyme/carb digestion in the stomach

Question 38

Most carbohydrate digestion occurs here

Answer 38

Carb digestion in the small intestine

Question 39

Pancreatic amylase is the major carbohydrate digesting enzyme

Answer 39

Digestion in the small intestine

Question 40

Most of the carbohydrate absorption occurs where?

Answer 40

Small intestine

Question 41

Transports absorbed monosaccharides to liver

Answer 41

Portal Vein

Question 42

What is not digested in the small intestine?

Answer 42

Dietary fibers

Question 43

Fibers attract water, which softens the stool for passage without straining. Most fibers remains undigested and is excreted in the feces

Answer 43

Carb digestion in the large intestine

Question 44

Molecules that are insoluble in water

Answer 44

Lipids

Question 45

What are the 3 types of lipids that are found in foods, body cells, and tissues?

Answer 45

Triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols

Question 46

Lipid content of diets and foods

Answer 46

Fats

Question 47

Most dietary lipids are this? Usually contain mixture of fatty acids

Answer 47

Triglycerides

Question 48

Soluble in fat and water Emulsifiers in food industry Lecithin

Answer 48

Phospholipids

Question 49

Roles: Made in the body Structural component of cell membranes Vitamin D synthesis

Answer 49

Sterols

Question 50

Lingual lipase plays role in fat digestion in infants not active in adults Solid fats melt

Answer 50

Fat Digestion in the Mouth

Question 51

Strong muscle contractions- mechanical digestion Gastric lipase- little action

Answer 51

Fat Digestion in the Stomach

Question 52

Breaks fat into 2 fatty acids and monoglyceride

Answer 52

Pancreatic lipase

Question 53

Glycerol and short/medium chain fatty acids

Answer 53

Lipid absorption in bloodstream

Question 54

Long-chain fatty acids and monoglycerides Micelles diffuse into intestinal cells

Answer 54

Lipid absorption in lymphatic system