exam 2

Question 1

what did HM provide info on?

Answer 1

memory impairment and amnesia

Question 2

what did HM research establish?

Answer 2

understanding of how memory is organized within the brain

Question 3

what area of the brain was removed in patient HM?

Answer 3

medial temporal lobe

Question 4

what types of memory were impaired in patient HM?

Answer 4

working and explicit

Question 5

what type of amnesia did patient HM develop?

Answer 5

anterograde amnesia

Question 6

what type of memory do western cultures emphasize?

Answer 6

autobiographical

Question 7

what culture remembers personal memories more?

Answer 7

western

Question 8

what culture remembers group/relationship memories more?

Answer 8

eastern

Question 9

what culture recalls more positive emotions?

Answer 9

western

Question 10

how do cultural differences in socialization affect children’s memory reports?

Answer 10

their parents encourage their memories

Question 11

how does language influence bilingual speakers’ memories?

Answer 11

language’s culture affects how/which memories are remembered

Question 12

how does language influence one’s concept of space and time?

Answer 12

different languages process space and time differently, for example, english speakers read from left to right, so they usually process information that way

Question 13

how does language influence eye-witness testimony?

Answer 13

culture defines things differently, for example, english speakers reported accidents more explicitly than other languages

Question 14

how does language influence the learning of new concepts surrounding number/gender?

Answer 14

some languages don’t have words for numbers or gender certain nouns

Question 15

how does language influence thought for bilinguals?

Answer 15

the way we think influences the way we speak (& vice versa), bilinguals change how they see the world depending on which language they are speaking, cultural views come into play

Question 16

thinking is a collection of linguistic and non-linguistic processes… explain

Answer 16

the way we think is rooted in language but also other factors like gestures

Question 17

types of long term memory (2)

Answer 17

explicit, implicit

Question 18

types of explicit memory (2)

Answer 18

episodic, semantic

Question 19

types of implicit memory (3)

Answer 19

procedural, priming, conditioning

Question 20

explicit memory

Answer 20

conscious memories, facts, events

Question 21

episodic memory

Answer 21

personal events experienced

Question 22

semantic memory

Answer 22

facts, knowledge

Question 23

implicit memory

Answer 23

non-conscious memories, skills, habits

Question 24

procedural memory

Answer 24

knowledge of how to do something, motor behaviors

Question 25

priming memory

Answer 25

exposure to one stimulus increases later response to the identical/related stimuli

Question 26

types of conditioning (2)

Answer 26

classical, operant

Question 27

classical conditioning

Answer 27

pairing a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that causes a reaction

Question 28

operant conditioning

Answer 28

reward and punishment

Question 29

what memories could HM still form?

Answer 29

short-term

Question 30

how did HM remember/form short-term memories?

Answer 30

rehearsal

Question 31

what memories did HM maintain before his surgery?

Answer 31

explicit, recognized faces and recalled events

Question 32

what type of memory is the hippocampal system involved in forming?

Answer 32

long-term explicit, but cannot retrieve old explicit memories

Question 33

what did HM show about implicit/explicit memory?

Answer 33

that implicit memories are separate from explicit memories

Question 34

steps of explicit memory (5)

Answer 34

initial encoding, working memory, transfer to LTM, consolidation, LTM storage and retrieval of memories

Question 35

what does initial encoding involve?

Answer 35

perception / sensory memory

Question 36

initial encoding activation...

Answer 36

is distributed across brain regions (for example, auditory and visual)

Question 37

when transferred to LTM, what does the hippocampal system do?

Answer 37

forms NEW ltm and INITIAL storage before consolidation

Question 38

which brain region carries out consolidation?

Answer 38

hippocampus

Question 39

consolidation

Answer 39

integration of new memories into existing neural networks

Question 40

what type of process is consolidation?

Answer 40

slow, happens in background

Question 41

what strengthens consolidation?

Answer 41

REM sleep

Question 42

in the REM consolidation experiment, what did better sleep do?

Answer 42

increased memory, but also false memories

Question 43

LTM storage and retrieval

Answer 43

memories stored and retrieved in multiple areas where initially encoded

Question 44

types of amnesia (2)

Answer 44

anterograde, retrograde

Question 45

anterograde amnesia

Answer 45

inability to form new explicit memories after brain damage

Question 46

what causes anterograde amnesia?

Answer 46

damage to hippocampus

Question 47

if someone believes they are stuck in the same day, what type of amnesia might they have?

Answer 47

anterograde amnesia

Question 48

retrograde amnesia

Answer 48

inability to remember explicit memory information prior to brain damage

Question 49

what areas of the brain are damaged in retrograde amnesia? (2)

Answer 49

hippocampus, medial temporal lobe

Question 50

can amnesia be partial?

Answer 50

yes

Question 51

alzheimer's

Answer 51

damage to neurons starting in hippocampus

Question 52

can alzheimer's involve amnesia?

Answer 52

yes, often both types

Question 53

clive wearing case study

Answer 53

had both types of amnesia

Question 54

autobiographical memory

Answer 54

memory for events and issues related to yourself

Question 55

what types of memory go into autobiographical memory? (2)

Answer 55

episodic and semantic

Question 56

examples of autobiographical memory

Answer 56

personal milestones, emotional events, significant moment's in one's life

Question 57

characteristics of autobiographical memory?

Answer 57

verbal narratives, multidimensional, shapes personal history

Question 58

are autobiographical memories multidimensional?

Answer 58

yes

Question 59

dimensions of autobiographical memory (5)

Answer 59

visual, spatial, emotional, auditory, procedural

Question 60

what are autobiographical memories constructed off of?

Answer 60

reality and cultural schemas (such as knowledge, experience, expectations)

Question 61

example of the visual component of autobiographical memory

Answer 61

memory palaces

Question 62

how does the visual component of autobiographical memory help?

Answer 62

uses visual stimuli as a cue to memory, memories are interconnected

Question 63

people affected in the visual component of autobiographical memory...

Answer 63

synesthesia strengthens it, inabilities to recognize objects weakens it

Question 64

spatial component of autobiographical memory

Answer 64

Bauer tested accuracy of location memory for a significant event, memory for location had minimal decay, time had high decay

Question 65

Bauer study - what had higher decay: time or location?

Answer 65

time

Question 66

emotional component of autobiographical memory

Answer 66

events are intertwined with emotions, remember more emotional events than neutral

Question 67

do memories change over time?

Answer 67

yes, by consistency

Question 68

what stages of memory are affected by culture? (2)

Answer 68

encoding and retrieval of autobiographical memories

Question 69

were Americans more likely to bias their memories positively or negatively?

Answer 69

positively

Question 70

does language matter at the encoding stage for bilingual speakers?

Answer 70

no

Question 71

phoneme

Answer 71

basic unit of sound

Question 72

morpheme

Answer 72

basic unit of meaning

Question 73

speech perception

Answer 73

interpretation of auditory sensation into meaningful units of sound and words

Question 74

is there variability in perceiving phonemes?

Answer 74

yes, between speakers and surrounding sounds

Question 75

when sensory input varies, how are phonemes perceived? (3)

Answer 75

categorical perception, phonemic restoration, and visual cues

Question 76

voice onset time

Answer 76

timing of vocal cord vibration, different phonemes have different ranges

Question 77

bottom-up perception of sound

Answer 77

some phonemes share the same boundaries across all languages

Question 78

top-down perception of sound

Answer 78

same phonemes have different boundaries depending on the language

Question 79

do you need to distinguish every phoneme to comprehend a language?

Answer 79

no

Question 80

phonemic restoration

Answer 80

phonemes missing in speech stream are restored by the brain and appear to be heard

Question 81

visual cues for speech perception

Answer 81

lips and face help to perceive differences in phonemes (McGurk Effect)

Question 82

word segmentation

Answer 82

process of dividing continuous speech sounds into separate words

Question 83

identifying ambiguous words

Answer 83

interpreting the correct meaning of a word using sentence context, but beforehand, people briefly access multiple meanings of the same word

Question 84

meaning dominance

Answer 84

extent to which one meaning of a word is more frequent than the other

Question 85

are balanced or biased words slower to process?

Answer 85

balanced

Question 86

why are balanced words slower to process?

Answer 86

biased words access the dominant word meaning while balanced words access both meanings

Question 87

is sensation the same as perception?

Answer 87

no

Question 88

are speech and object perception similar?

Answer 88

yes

Question 89

linguistic features of language production (4)

Answer 89

planning, formatting, converting, executing

Question 90

planning a message

Answer 90

1st step of language production, overall meaning of the message you want to convey

Question 91

grammatical encoding

Answer 91

2nd step of language production, selecting words and adding morphemes, ordering words

Question 92

converting message into sound code

Answer 92

3rd step of language production, identify pronunciation/phonemes to produce

Question 93

execute motor action to produce sound

Answer 93

4th and last step of language production

Question 94

production errors of language

Answer 94

slip of the tongue

Question 95

slip of the tongue error

Answer 95

sounds or words rearranged between two or more words

Question 96

what perception type are production errors influenced by, bottom-up or top-down?

Answer 96

top-down, more likely to create a real word than a non-word

Question 97

non-linguistic features

Answer 97

gestures

Question 97

gesture

Answer 97

movement of body parts involved in communication

Question 98

who benefits from gestures, the speaker or the listener?

Answer 98

both, communication to verbalize information

Question 99

when are gestures most likely used?

Answer 99

procedural information

Question 100

what is commonly represented differently across cultures?

Answer 100

direction, numbers, time