exam 2 Flashcards
Types of Neuropeptides
- opioid peptides
- brain-gut peptides
- miscellaneous peptides
- hypothalamus peptides
- pituitary peptides
What are the types of unconventional NT
- Soluble gases: carbon monoxide, nitric dioxide
- Endocannabinoid : anandamide
Types of monoamines
- Catecholamines: made of trysine
- Indolamines: serotonin
Types of AA small NT
GABA, glutamate, aspartate, glycine
Autoreceptors
Type of metabotropic receptor that regulates NT with feedback
- Regulates pre-synaptic neuron by binding to it’s own NT
Metabotropic receptor structure
- Signal link protein: wraps around membrane 7x
- metabotropic receptor site
- G-protein
Ligand
Substance binding to protein
Varicosities
axon swellings used for non-direct synapse
Saltatory conduction
Na+ jumping to next sodium channel due to myelination
- instantly diffusing to next node
How speed of conduction is excelerated
- myelination
- diameter of axon
Orthodromic AP
AP moves from soma to tail
- signalling to other neurons
- sensory neurons
Antidromic AP
AP moves from tail to soma
- receives signals
Superimposed synapse
Multiple spatial or temporal summation inputs combining to sum to an inhibitory or excitatory net effect
How do we perceive depth
- accomodation
- binocular disparity
- convergence
What is the visual spectrum
280-780nm
hemiretina
each eye has right and left visual field
layers of LGN
magnocellular = 2
parvocellular = 4
M pathway
magnocellular LGN receives rod input, therefore, respond to quick movement due to light sensitivity
P pathway
parvocellylar LGN receives input from cones, therefore, respond to colour, detail, and stationary/slow objects
Retinotopic organization of vision
topography and cortical magnification
Cortical magnification
V1 magnifies/gives more cortical region to detailed vision
How do we perceive edges
MS uses contrast enhancement to intensify brightness perceives
Circular receptive fields pathway
Light causes receptive field to activate bipolar cell which activates ganglion cells
Receptive fields
- respond best to contrast
- typically have center-surround
How do complex cells differ from simple
They still have receptive fields responding to orientation bars/edges of light but do not have a predetermined center-on surround-off region
- V1 cells still receive input from both eyes = binocular
- ocular dominance, prefer one eye over the other
Hypercolumn of V1
each hyprcolumn responds to different oprientations of light
- due to orientation coloun
- globs in V1 process colour
What pathway
- ventral
- temporal lobe
- ventral prestriate and inferotemporal cortex
Where pathway
- dorsal
- parietal lobe
- dorsal prestriate, posterior pariatal, and V1
