Exam 2 Flashcards
Consciousness
The state of being aware of oneself, one’s thought, and/or the environment
-There are various levels of conscious awareness
-one can be asleep while still being aware
Cognitive psychology
shifted the fields focus to understanding conscious and unconscious mental processes
Optogenetics
Technology used to search for neurons that may act as switches for different states of consciousness
-Allows activations and deactivation of neurons or groups of neurons and see how it affects animal’s behaviours
Cognitive learning
Acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language
Learning
The process of acquiring, through experience, new and relatively enduring information or behaviors
Classical Conditioning
Type of learning in which we learn to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that evokes no response before conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response (UR)
Unconditioned Response (UR)
In classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the mouth)
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR)
Conditioned Response (CR)
In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)
Extinction
In classical conditioning, the weakening of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus
•In operant conditioning, the weakening of a response when it is no longer reinforced
Watson
A behavioral therapist
Rejected mentalistic concepts
•Maintained that the basic laws of learning are the same for all animals
•Contended that psychology should be objective science based on observable behaviors
Positive Reinforcement
Increases behaviors by presenting positive stimuli
•Is anything that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response
Consequences of physical punishment
Punished behavior suppressed; punishing behavior
reinforced
•Discrimination among situations taught
•Generalization occurs; fear taught
•Aggression may be increased by modeling
Observational Learning
Learning by observing others
Mirror Neurons
Fires when we perform certain actions and when we observe others performing those actions
•Provides a neural basis for imitation and observational learning
