EXAM 2 Flashcards
Behavioural and learning theories of attachment
- infant learns and acts out attachment-seeking behaviours
- point is to acquire food/items from adults
John bowlbys attachment theory
- evolutionary theory
- infant is biologically pre-programmed to form attachments with others
- point is to acquire care/responsiveness from adults
Mary Ainsworth
- built on bowlbys theory by developing the strange situation procedure
- classified infant attachment into 3 groups: secure, anxious-ambivalent, and avoidant
- pioneered maternal sensitivity
main and Solomon
- built on bowl by and Ainsworth to add a fourth group: disorganized
assessing attachment
CATEGORICAL APPROACH:
- more common in infants and toddlers
- measuring attachment via behavioural observation
DIMENSIONAL APPROACH:
- more common in adolescents and adults
- measuring attachment via self-report measures
- coding on a spectrum from secure to insecure
attachment styles
Secure: confident, reciprocal, greet parents positively
Anxious-preoccupied: emotional hunger, wary of strangers
Dismissive-avoidant: isolation, may avoid parents
Fearful-avoidant: internal conflict, confusion or apprehension
do opposites attract
- anxious and avoidant often attract each other
- secure people attract each other
- disorganized people are least satisfied in relationship
internal working models
- as growing children interact with caregivers and learn their typical response patterns, they construct IWMs
- IWMs become blueprints child can pull out and use in other relationships
- parent responses directly impact the development of self regulation skills as children learn to regulate own distress
secure attachment IWM
- attachment seeking behaviours produce attuned sensitive responses from parents
- able to quickly overcome challenge and return to state of emotional balance
- feel physically safe and mentally free from fear provoking thoughts
- when stress occurs, child repeats what worked in past
- pattern repeated over time enables development of healthy relationships
insecure attachment IWM
- attachment seeking behaviour do not reliably produce sensitive responses
- remain stressed
- preoccupied with anxious thoughts
- eventually child learns alternate stress regulation strategies
- pattern repeated over time and enables development of maladaptive relational patterns
attachment and psychopathology
- classifications provide predictive utility through lifespan via longitudinal research findings
- insecurely attached experience high risk for poor psychosocial outcomes (depression, anxiety, OCD, PTSD etc)
- also show worse health and physiology outcomes (more stress, poor vagal regulation)
infant attachment and parenting
- interventions designed to enhance attachment target parenting behaviour because Childs attachment is primarily determined by caregivers behaviour towards them
- important influence on infant attachment is sensitivity and response of caregiver
- mothers show less sensitivity to infants when, have more anxiety and depression, more significant trauma, face more stress
attachment summary
- measured dimensionally or categorically
- predicted by parenting behaviour
- conceptualized as evolutionary mechanism
parenting behaviours
- responsiveness: acceptance, praise, encouragement, expressing warmth and affection, paying attention, reading cues, listening (responsive vs. unresponsive, accepting vs. rejecting)
- demandingness: setting rules, regulations, limits, keeping closer watch (demanding vs. undemanding, controlling vs. non-controlling)
What is the role of family in socialization?
Family is responsible for seeing children acquire essential values and learn to control their impulses, interact, and become competent members of their culture.
What are the three basic goals for children according to Robert LeVine?
- Survive to adulthood. 2. Acquire skills and attitudes needed for economic self-support. 3. Internalize social values such as achievement, social advancement, creativity, and self-fulfillment.
How do families function as dynamic systems?
Parents influence children, and children influence parents, creating a bidirectional relationship. Families form complex social systems that constantly respond to changing circumstances.
What is a positive feedback loop in family dynamics?
A positive feedback loop occurs when each person’s response amplifies the other’s response, such as an increase in anger from a parent leading to an increase in defiance from a child.
What is a negative feedback loop?
A negative feedback loop helps keep the system stable, where a negative response leads to another negative response, such as a demanding parent causing a child to become less engaged.
What is disequilibrium in family dynamics?
Disequilibrium occurs when a significant change creates an imbalance in the family system.
What changes occur during puberty in family interactions?
During puberty, parents may try to adjust their behaviors, leading to less predictable interactions between parents and children.
What are extended families?
Extended families include parents, children, and other relatives such as grandparents and aunts, providing direct and indirect support to family members.
What reasons contribute to less contact with extended family?
Reasons for less contact include frequent moves and the trend of families not extending as much as they used to.
What are the dimensions of parenting?
- Acceptance and responsiveness: praise, encouragement, warmth, and affection. 2. Demandingness/control: rules and regulations, monitoring to ensure demands are met.
What is the impact of acceptance in parenting?
High levels of acceptance lead to greater disclosure in late adolescence, while rejecting behaviors can result in behavioral problems.
What does responsiveness in parenting allow for children?
Responsiveness allows children to express their feelings and concerns, gaining a sense of control.
How does demandingness affect parenting style?
Demandingness involves setting more rules and regulations, while less demanding parents may provide fewer restrictions and allow children more freedom to decide.
What are the characteristics of Authoritative Parents?
Demanding and responsive.
What parenting style is characterized by clear standards and goals for children?
Authoritative parenting.
What does authoritative parenting encourage?
Child’s autonomy with warmth and acceptance.
What is the outcome of authoritative parenting in adolescence?
Favorable outcomes, better in school, independent, self-assured.
What are the characteristics of authoritarian parenting?
Demanding and unresponsive; expects unquestioning obedience.
What is the outcome of authoritarian parenting in adolescence?
Dependent and passive; less self-assured with weak self-esteem.
What describes indulgent parenting?
Responsive but undemanding; children allowed to do as they please.
What is the outcome of indulgent parenting in adolescence?
Immature and irresponsible; influenced by peers and friends.
What characterizes indifferent parenting?
Unresponsive and undemanding; little interest in the child.
What is the outcome of indifferent parenting in adolescence?
Hardest time; likely to get involved in delinquency and drug use.
Why is authoritative parenting considered the best?
Involvement improves overall sense of well-being and shields against anxiety and depression.
What role does supervision/control play in authoritative parenting?
Sets standards, provides guidance, and monitors actions.
What is the impact of psychological control in parenting?
Blocks development of autonomy and self-regulation.
What is mindful parenting?
Being nurturing, modeling good emotion regulation, and providing undivided attention.
What is the influence of mindful parenting practices?
Mindful parenting practices influence the psychological regulation of children and help them develop qualities such as warmth, support, and guidance from parents.
How does a child’s temperament affect parental interaction?
A cheerful, easygoing, responsible, and self-assured child draws qualities of warmth and support from reasonable, responsive, and adaptable parents.
What are the ethnic and cultural differences in parenting styles?
Authoritative parenting is mostly found in middle-class Canadian and American families, while in China, authoritative styles are less common and more authoritarian styles prevail.
How do Canadian teens perceive parental control compared to those in Italy and France?
Canadian teens report that their parents are less controlling than those in Italy and France.
What characterizes traditional parenting?
Traditional parenting is a style that combines warmth with reliance on unquestioned parental authority, emphasizing conformity and obedience to authority.
What are helicopter parents known for?
Helicopter parents are overbearing and micromanage their children while smothering them with affection, leading to poor psychological health and low self-esteem.
What is emotional autonomy?
Emotional autonomy involves developing sources of emotional strength within oneself, reducing dependence on parents for comfort and security.
What is behavioral autonomy?
Behavioral autonomy is the ability to make one’s own decisions about important questions and take responsibility for one’s actions and consequences.
What factors affect parental attitudes towards autonomy?
Parental attitudes towards autonomy are affected by age, gender, culture, and the perception of maturity in children.
What types of control exist in parenting?
Types of control include behavioral control (rules and restrictions), monitoring (structuring environments and tracking behavior), and low levels of behavioral control leading to issues like drug use and truancy.
What is psychological control in children?
Manipulating thoughts, feelings, and attachments during growth and behavior.
What type of parenting forms secure attachments?
Sensitive, affectionate, and attentive parenting.
What type of parenting leads to insecure attachment?
Sensitive, inconsistent, incompetent, neglectful, or abusive parenting.
What are internal working models?
Expectations for relationships formed from early experiences.
What is a positive working model of self?
A positive view of oneself.
What is a negative working model of self?
A negative view of oneself.
What is a positive working model of others?
A positive view of others.
What is a negative working model of others?
A negative view of others.
What is the impact of good attachment on bullying?
Less likely to be bullied and less likely to bully others.
Communication, trust, and low alienation contribute to less bullying.
What triggers parent-teen conflict?
Detachment can set off conflict and tension.
Who do teens disagree with more?
They tend to disagree more with their mothers, especially daughters.
How does conflict change from early to late adolescence?
Conflicts steadily drop as adolescents grow older.
What is the contrast effect in parent-teen disputes?
Parents perceive conflicts as deeper and more significant if moods swing after disputes.
What is genotype?
The genetic makeup of an individual.
What does behavioral genetics study?
Statistical similarities and differences among individuals who share different proportions of genes.
What is the focus of twin studies in behavioral genetics?
Identical twins vs. maternal similarities to assess genetic influence.
What do adoption studies compare?
Adopted individuals to their biological parents to assess genetic factors.
What influences the differences among people according to behavioral genetics?
The influence of genes and environment.
What is shared environmental influence?
Experiences that make siblings similar.
What is nonshared environmental influence?
Influences that tend to make siblings different.
What is passive genotype?
Occurs when parents provide environments influenced by their own genotypes.
Example: A parent genetically inclined to be athletic passes this to children and creates a home encouraging interest in sports.
What is evocative genotype?
Child’s genetic influence calls for a response from others.
Example: A kid who likes skiing gets more support than one who prefers to stay in the lodge to read.
What is active genotype?
Actively seeking environments that fit best with genetics.
What is niche-picking?
A form of active genotype where individuals select environments that match their genetic tendencies.
What roles do siblings play?
Models, teachers, partners, creators, and sources of valuable feedback.
How do siblings influence each other indirectly?
By way of parents.
What are positive sibling relationships characterized by?
Compromise, standing up for self, negotiation, self-disclosure skills, and development of gender roles.
What is de-ldentification
Close in age siblings deliberately decline to be different from each other.
This cuts down rivalry, envy, and resentment.
What is sibling collusion?
Siblings form coalitions that promote deviant behavior.
What factors contribute to family diversity?
Rising number of divorces and remarriages, and greater openness of LGBTQ+.
What are the effects of divorce on adolescents?
Biological parents can lead to drug/alcohol use, depression, anxiety, and early sexual activity.
What challenges do latchkey teens face?
Unsupervised self-care leading to emotional and academic problems.
What do LGBTQ+ parents know about child-rearing?
Good child-rearing practices similar to heterosexual parents.
How are parenting responsibilities viewed among LGBTQ+ parents?
They are equal.
How do children of LGBTQ+ parents compare to others?
They are just as mature and well-adjusted, with similar levels of self-esteem.
What is the role of peers in child development?
Peers are less bossy and critical.
Group activities help children learn teamwork, cooperation, taking turns, and essential skills.
How do North America and Western Europe teens differ in their involvement with parents?
Teens in North America and Western Europe are less involved with parents and more involved with age mates.
What social trends affect children’s relationships with peers?
Small families lead to fewer siblings, and dual-earner families result in less parental time available.
These trends create a larger pool of accessible children similar in age.
How do teens typically socialize?
Teens spend most of their time with a narrow group of those almost exactly their own age.
What is the generation gap?
The generation gap refers to the sharp divide between the values of adolescents and adults and its effects.
What are postfigurative cultures?
In postfigurative cultures, change comes slowly, and older generations know most of what children need to know because they learned it as children.
Traditional ways are passed along from generations.
What are configurative cultures?
In configurative cultures, the pace of change picks up, and if individuals want recommendations, they are likely to ask friends.
What are prefigurative cultures?
In prefigurative cultures, the pace of social and technical changes increases rapidly, leading to a shift in social dynamics.
What is youth culture characterized by?
Youth culture is characterized by a drastic shift in social power and prestige, with similar biological, cognitive, and social chances.
What is normative social influence?
Normative social influence is when individuals act a certain way because social norms or rules dictate that they should.
What is informational social influence?
Informational social influence occurs when behavior is affected by looking to others for guidance, such as staring at a tree because you see others doing it.
What is a reference group?
A reference group is a social stratum that individuals look to for important information.
What is Social Perspective Taking?
The ability to move past egocentrism and look at situations from the view of another.
What are the steps to encourage social competence in addressing bullying?
- Education: Awareness to change attitudes and build commitment to address bullying problems among all Canadian citizens.
- Assessment: Universal assessment tools evaluate the extent of bullying or victimization problems for children, families, schools, and communities.
- Intervention: Guidelines to programs and tools to reduce problems of bullying and victimization.
- Policy: Provide guidelines for ensuring children’s rights to be safe and supported in all contexts of their lives.
What factors are important for social groups during adolescence?
- Puberty: Physical and sexual maturation accompanied by heightened interest in peers and withdrawal of interest from adults and parents.
- Quest for Identity: Adolescents look for answers in how others like them respond to them.
- Social Cognitive Development: Understanding norms and personality traits beyond surface traits.
- Social Structures: Self-contained classes of familiar peers amidst a shifting array of semi-strangers.
How do social groups change during adolescence?
Adolescents spend more time interacting with peers, often hanging out in less structured environments with less adult guidance or control.
What are typical crowds in adolescent social groups?
- Jocks: Sports-oriented individuals.
- Populars: Fashionable and often snobbish.
- Brains: Academically focused individuals.
- Normals: Those who don’t stand out.
- Druggies: Individuals who use drugs.
- Goths: Characterized by black mood, hair, and clothes.
- Nobodies: Withdrawn and confused individuals.
- Emos: Emotionally expressive individuals.
- Anime: Fans of anime culture.
- Drama Geeks: Enthusiasts of theatre.
What is a comprehensive high school?
A school that promotes diversity and general education tracks based on assumed future roles in the economy.
What is the goal of Progressive Education?
To promote equality and citizenship by having diverse students.
What grades typically make up a Middle School?
Grades 6-8, as students in these grades are more alike physically, socially, and psychologically than those in grade 9.
What is the student-teacher relationship like in Elementary School?
Self-contained.
How is the teacher organization structured in Middle School?
Interdisciplinary team.
What type of schedule is used in High School?
Periods.
How are students grouped in Elementary School?
By grade level.
What type of teacher preparation is emphasized in Middle School?
Flexible resource.
What is Performance Orientation?
An emphasis on who is smarter and who gets higher grades, interpreting outcomes as ability or lack thereof.
What is Mastery Orientation?
Schools that reward academic improvement and downplay social comparison.
What is cooperative learning?
Groups of students investigate problems and present their conclusions to the rest of the class.
What is self-handicapping?
Putting obstacles in the way of successful performance to attribute failure away from ability.
What is tracking in education?
Assigning students to courses based on criteria like previous grades and teacher recommendations.
What does school climate refer to?
The general atmosphere of a school.
What are characteristics of a positive school climate?
Strong leadership, staff with shared goals, safe environment, discipline, clear goals, and constructive feedback.
What is School Membership?
It refers to students’ beliefs about whether teachers and staff care about them, their feelings of connection to the school, and their commitment to the school and their academic work.
What is Ambition Theory?
It suggests that once individuals have completed a task and evaluated the outcome, they try to understand why that outcome occurred.
What do teens attribute their success or failure to?
Teens may attribute their explanations for failure to factors such as low ability, not trying hard enough, a rough course, or guessing wrong.
What is Locus of Causality?
It concerns whether the cause of an outcome is seen as internal or external.
What is Causal Stability?
It refers to whether a cause is thought to be open to change or remains the same over time.
What is Controllability in the context of achievements?
It is the belief that the cause of an outcome is something the person can deliberately affect.
What is the impact of Controllability?
It impacts both the emotional value of the outcome and the expectancies related to it.
What percentage of Canadians are home-schooled?
Less than 1% of Canadians are home-schooled.
How do home-schooled students perform compared to public school students?
Those who follow a structured lesson plan tend to perform better than students in public schools.
What does ‘gifted’ refer to?
It refers to students with unusually strong talents or abilities.
What are ‘disabled’ students?
Students with physical, cognitive, or developmental problems that interfere with school success.
What is an AP class?
An Advanced Placement class is open to any student who can handle the work.
What is mainstreaming?
It is the integration of students with disabilities into regular classrooms.
What are extracurricular activities?
They are school-based and school-sponsored activities that are not part of the formal educational curriculum.
What are the benefits of adolescents participating in extracurricular activities?
They are more engaged in school, spend more time talking to teachers, have higher educational aspirations, are less likely to drop out, have higher self-esteem, better social skills, and less delinquency.
What is a mentor?
An adult who teaches young individuals new skills, promotes competence, and provides support.
What is social capital?
It is a web of professional relationships that makes it easier to accomplish goals.
What is the work ethic?
It is the belief that work is a positive virtue that encourages independence and responsibility.
What is premature affluence?
It refers to having a lot of money to spend with little hesitation to spend it.
friendship
- likes to spend time with you
- funny and interesting things to say
- lends a hand when you need it
- makes you feel positive about self
self disclosure
share personal thoughts and feelings with those close to
intimacy
emotional attachment
Infancy social needs and key relationship
tenderness, parents
childhood social need and key relationship
companionship, parents
juvenile social need and key relationship
acceptance, peers
preadolescence social need and key relationship
intimacy, same sex friend (chum)
early adolescence need and key relationship
sexuality, romantic partner
late adolescence need and key relationship
integration into adult society, significant adults
assets that emerge during chumship that make it work
- ability to care deeply
- sensitivity to others feelings and needs
- willingness to share personal information
- commitment to mutuality and equality
Sams description of a best friend
companionship, trust, intimacy, loyalty, warmth, acceptance, assistance, support, guidance
dating satisfies needs important to adolescents
recreation, socialization, status, companionship, sexual experiments, intimacy, courtship
course of romance
INITIAL INFATUATIONS: crushes, early adolescence, lack real interaction, daydreaming
AFFILATIVE RELATIONSHIPS: first opposite sex interactions, casual dating
INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS: gain confidence and experience, if group doesnt like partner, find new group
COMMITED RELATIONSHIPS: end of adolescence , passion, affiliation, commitment, intimacy
features of relationships
passion, mutual communication, mutual caring, commitment, emotional support, togetherness, exhilaration, feeling special
sexual changes issues
- whether to engage sexually
- what sorts of activity
- with whom at what age
- what circumstances
- what safeguards
3 kinds of culture towards sex
RESTRICTIVE: forbid any sexual expression before marriage, strict boundaries and rules
SEMIRESTRICTIVE: should not engage in premarital sex, prohibiters not taken seriously
PERMISSIVE: expect adolescents to be sexually active
sexual minorities
- same gender attraction
- same gender behaviour
- same gender identity
how sexual orientation develops
- genetic factors
- prenatal factors
- childhood experiences
Canadian human rights trust survey results
- 70% hear homophobic remarks daily, 10% of LGBTQ hear it from teachers
- 74% and 55% sexual minority are harassed about behaviour
- 68% transgender 55% female 42% male, harassed about perceived gender
- 21% LGBTQ physically harassed
- 33-49% minority harassed in last year
- 64% LGBTQ feel unsafe at school
