exam 2

Question 1

organizational data

Answer 1

internal data
- useful in determining problems that require the managers attention
- essential when determining likely causes, plausible solutions, and what is needed to implement these solutions
Where: databases, workflow systems, physical records, staff, social media

Question 2

practictioners

Answer 2

experience and judgement

Question 3

scientific literature

Answer 3

empirical studies
Where: peer-reviewed journals, Google Scholar, libraries, databases

Question 4

stakeholders

Answer 4

values and concerns
- relevance is determined by how much the decision affects them and how much power they have on the decision

Question 5

systematic literature search

Answer 5

1. enlarge the pie: conduct a search with your pretested search terms and combine the outcomes OR
2. filter for systematic or meta-analysis: there are some papers when the authors searched for and summarized the findings of relevant studies on the same topic
3. filter for high quality single studies
4. filter for low quality single studies if necessary
5. limit your search by adding extra PICOC terms
6. screen the articles found for some relevance

Question 6

critical appraisal

Answer 6

three preliminary questions
1. are the findings of the study of practical relevance? Effect size
2. how precise are the findings? confidence intervals
3. how are the findings measured?

Question 7

effect size

Answer 7

small: visible through careful examination
medium: visible to the naked eye of the careful observer
large: something everyone can see

Question 8

random assignment

Answer 8

once selected, participants are randomly assigned to treatment groups
- ensures that the whole sample has an equal chance of being assigned to both the control and the experimental condition

Question 9

random selection

Answer 9

participants are chosen for the study at random

Question 10

correlations

Answer 10

describes the statistical relationship between two variables
- can be positive or negative
- usually want 95%, sometimes 90% is acceptable

Question 11

heuristics

Answer 11

mental shortcuts that help us make judgements quickly without having a lot of time to research and analyze information
- unconscious mental processes make up for lack of information and lead to routine decisions that are often correct

Question 12

system 1

Answer 12

fast, intuitive, associative, emotional, automatic, uses heuristics and intuition

Question 13

system 2

Answer 13

slow, effortful, deliberate, rational, draws heavily on cognitive resources, requires attention and concentration

Question 14

quasi expereimental design

Answer 14

they use a control group before and after a measurement but they do not have random assignment

Question 15

after action report

Answer 15

structured, reflective evaluation of a recent set of decisions to evaluate their effectiveness
asks:
- what did we decide to do
- what actually happened
- how/ why did it happen
- what should we do next time
should have:
- development intent
- focus on specific events
- multiple evidence sources

Question 16

6As

Answer 16

ask, acquire, appraise, aggregate, apply, assess

Question 17

PICOC

Answer 17

population: who
intervention: what and how
comparison: compare to what
outcome: what are you trying to accomplish
context: in what kind of organization/ circumstances

Question 18

cognitive dissonance

Answer 18

a psychological state of discomfort that occurs when a person holds conflicting beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors

Question 19

bayesian thinking

Answer 19

there is no such thing as the truth; we can only deliver the best available evidence and calculate the probability

Question 20

probability

Answer 20

the extent to which something is likely to happen

Question 21

prior probability

Answer 21

the initial estimate of how probable it is the hypothesis is true to start with

Question 22

posterior probability

Answer 22

the revised estimate of the probability of the hypothesis being true with the available evidence

Question 23

stakeholders

Answer 23

people whose interests are affected by an organizations decisions and outcomes

Question 24

internal stakeholders

Answer 24

employees, managers, board members

Question 25

external stakeholders

Answer 25

governments, regulators, local community

Question 26

data

Answer 26

numbers, words, figures, symbols, sounds, dates, images- without context

Question 27

information

Answer 27

data relating to something or someone and considered meaningful and useful

Question 28

evidence

Answer 28

information supporting or contradicting a claim, assumption, or hypothesis

Question 29

big data

Answer 29

organizational data that has volume, variety, and velocity