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Portage Microbiology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

T/F: Metabolism is a controlled set of biochemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life.

A

True

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2
Q

T/F: Dark reactions can occur in the presence or absence of light.

A

True

Because of the Calvin Cycle

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3
Q

T/F: Enzymes slow down chemical reactions to conserve energy.

A

False; Enzymes CATALYZE chemical reactions

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4
Q

T/E: The absence of oxygen fermentation produces 2 ATP.

A

False; fermentation only reduces NADH back to NAD+

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5
Q

T/F: During fermentation one means of eliminating pyruvate is by converting it into lactic acid.

A

True

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6
Q

T/E: The reactants of the TCA cycle directly enter and fuel the ETS.

A

False; the products of the TCA cycle enter and drive the production of ATP by ETS.

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7
Q

T/F: The B-oxidation pathway is responsible for the anabolism of fatty acid chains.

A

False; responsible for the CATABOLISM of fatty acid chains.

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8
Q

T/F: Plants, algae and bacteria all contain chloroplasts.

A

False; chloroplasts are specific to algae and plants only.

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9
Q

T/F: The Calvin Cycle must occur in the absence of light.

A

False; does not have to because dark reactions do not require darkness to occur.

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10
Q

T/F: As movement requires energy, metabolism can be defined as a controlled set of biochemical reactions that occur in only motile organisms in order to maintain life.

A

False; metabolism occurs in all living organisms, not just ones that move.

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11
Q

T/F: Enzymes are polysaccharides that catalyze chemical reactions.

A

False; enzymes are PROTEINS that catalyze chemical reactions.

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12
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Enzymes are PROTEINS that catalyze chemical reactions.

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13
Q

What is a cofactor?

A

Cofactors are usually metal ions that assist enzymes during the catalysis reaction.

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14
Q

What is a reactive intermediate?

A

A reactive intermediate would be present in substrate-level phosphorylation.

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15
Q

Define catabolism.

A

Catabolism is the process of breaking down larger molecules into useful energy sources.

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16
Q

What metabolic process is active to convert proteins into amino acids?

A

The anabolic process would be active.

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17
Q

Define anabolism.

A

Anabolism is the process of building up or biosynthesis of macromolecules from small molecular units into much larger complexes.

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18
Q

What metabolic process is involved during growth and repair of the cell?

A

Catabolism is involved during growth and repair of the cell.

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19
Q

What are the 2 main roles of glucose-6-phosphate in the cell?

A

First, it prevents glucose from diffusing out of the cell. Second, it acts as a signal molecule to alert the cell that glycolysis is about to begin.

20
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

An organism that obtains its source of carbon from inorganic molecules such as carbon dioxide.

21
Q

Describe the energy transfer process relative to both ATP and ADP.

A

ATP has the energy (phosphate group) to donate while ADP can accept energy in the form of a phosphate group.

22
Q

From what source do chemotrophs acquire energy?

A

Chemotrophs acquire energy from preformed chemicals found in the environment.

23
Q

What is a lithotroph?

A

An organism that derives its energy by removing electrons from elemental sulfur.

24
Q

What is a phototrophic microorganism?

A

An organism that derives its energy from photons of light.

25
Q

What phosphorylation process occurs in the mitochondria of chemotropic eukaryotic?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

26
Q

What are the three distinct transitions in the catabolism of a single molecule of glucose?

A

1) Glycolysis 2) Fermentation or respiration 3) Electron Transport Chain

27
Q

What is the most energetic transition in the catabolism of glucose?

A

The Electron Transport Chain (ETC) yields 34 ATP while glycolysis and fermentation each yield only 2 ATP.

28
Q

How many ATP does the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle produce per Pyruvate?

A

1 ATP

29
Q

Identify the reactants of the reaction: Glucose + 2NAD+ → 2NADH + 2 Pyruvate.

A

Glucose and 2NAD+

30
Q

What is the primary byproduct of the TCA cycle?

A

NADH & FADH2

31
Q

In the absence of glucose, which of the following cannot be used as alternative energy sources?

A

Nucleic acids

32
Q

Which enzymes are used for the catabolism of proteins and lipids?

A

Lipases and Proteases

33
Q

Describe the relationship between chloroplasts and chlorophyll.

A

Both are associated with photosynthesis. Chloroplasts are the double membrane-enclosed organelles that contain the photosynthesis pigment chlorophyll.

34
Q

What does the process of photophosphorylation produce?

A

NADPH & ATP

35
Q

The process of carbon fixation begins with which of the following reactants?

A

H2O, NADPH, ATP, and CO2

36
Q

What is one of the main functions of light reactions?

A

To produce ATP and NADPH

37
Q

In phosphorylation, where do the light reactions always occur?

A

In the membrane

38
Q

What is one of the main functions of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)?

A

To generate a proton concentration gradient to generate ATP.

39
Q

How many turns of the Calvin Cycle are required to generate one molecule of glucose?

A

Six turns.

40
Q

What is true about the dark reactions of photosynthesis?

A

They result in the formation of NADP and ADP, carbon fixation, and carbs; they are the second step of photosynthesis, also known as the Calvin Cycle, and do not depend on sunlight.

41
Q

Complete the following equation by placing numbers: CO2 + [18] ATP + [12] NADPH + [12] H2O → C6 H12O6 + [18] ADP + [12] NADP+.

A

The numbers are placeholders for the respective molecules involved.

42
Q

Match reactions to enzymes: A- B + H2O → A- OH + B - H.

A

Hydrolases.

43
Q

Match reactions to enzymes: A - B → B - A.

A

Isomerases.

44
Q

Match reactions to enzymes: A + B → A - B.

A

Ligases.

45
Q

Match reactions to enzymes: A - B → A + B.

A

Lyases.

Portage Microbiology (1 decks)

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