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KNES 371 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

General structure of neuron

A

Soma (cell body): contains nucleus
Dendrites: receive info from other neurons; branch off cell body
Axon: covered in myelin sheaths; have many branches called collaterals

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2
Q

Afferent (Sensory) Neurons

A

send neural impulses to CNS from sensory receptors

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3
Q

Interneurons

A

Acts as connection between axons descending from brain and motor neurons AND axons from sensory nerves and spinal nerves ascending to the brain

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4
Q

Efferent (Motor) Neurons

A

Alpha motor neurons: found in spinal cord; long branching axon to skeletal muscles
Gamma motor neurons: supply some skeletal muscle, known as intrafusal fibers

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5
Q

Cerebrum function

A

Executive functions, thinking, planning, organizing, behavioral control, vision, memory, understanding, sensations, perception, spelling, arithmetic, making sense of the world

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6
Q

2 parts of diencephalon

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus

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7
Q

Cerebellum

A

receives and send messages from/to the spinal cord, cerebral cortex, and brainstem; coordinating work of all 3 sections; movement error detection and correction → refining a movement

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8
Q

Hypothalamus

A

controls autonomic nervous system and endocrine system; controls hormones, heartbeat, body temp, and homeostatic functions

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9
Q

Thalamus

A

relay station that sends and receives signals; control of attention; mood and emotion component

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10
Q

2 parts of brainstem

A

Medulla
Reticular formation

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11
Q

Medulla

A

regulatory movements; signals are sent between spinal cord and rest of brain via medulla during autonomic activities

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12
Q

Reticular formation

A

combines sensory and motor information; responsible for turning on/off the CNS; subserves autonomic, motor, sensory, behavioral, cognitive, & mood-related functions

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13
Q

4 areas of cortex involved in movement control

A

Primary motor cortex, premotor area, supplementary motor area, and parietal lobe

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14
Q

4 parts of the brain involved in control of voluntary movement

A

Cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brainstem

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15
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Agonist force control; planning and initiation of movement; receives neural info from cerebral cortex & brainstem

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16
Q

Bradykinesia

A

slow movements

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17
Q

Akinesia

A

Reduced movements

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18
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Dysfunction of basal ganglia; characterized by lack dopamine

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19
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

critical for movement initiation and coordination of movements for fine motor skills; involved in control and learning of postural coordination

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20
Q

Premotor area

A

controls organization of movements before they’re initiated and during rhythmic movement; enables transitions between sequential movements of a serial motor skill

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21
Q

Supplementary motor area

A

control of sequential movements; preparation and organization of movement

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22
Q

Parietal lobe

A

interacts with premotor cortex, primary motor cortex, and SMA before/during movement

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23
Q

Pons

A

operation of body functions; forms connection between brain & spinal cord; site of merging cranial nerves vital for helping senses; participate in basic movements

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24
Q

Ascending tract

A

pass through spinal cord and brainstem; connect to sensory areas of cerebral cortex and cerebellum

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25
Q

Descending tract

A

neural pathways that descend from brain through spinal cord; classified as pyramidal tracts and extrapyramidal tracts

26
Q

What does a motor unit consist of?

A

alpha motor neuron and all the muscles fibers it innervates; contracts connected muscle fibers

27
Q

Henneman size principle

A

recruit smallest motor units first (weakest) then systematically increase the size recruited

28
Q

Coordination

A

patterning of head, body, and limb movements relative to patterning of environmental objects and events

29
Q

Degree of freedom

A

Number of ways that one independent control component can vary

30
Q

Degrees of freedom problem

A

control problem that occurs in designing of a complex system that must produce a specific result

31
Q

Close loop feedback

A

utilizes feedback; control center issues information to effectors sufficient only to initiate movement

32
Q

Open loop feedback

A

does not utilize feedback; instructions contain all information necessary for effectors to carry out the planned movement

33
Q

Generalized motor program (GMP)

A

controls a class of actions, which are identified by common invariant characteristics

34
Q

Coordinative structure

A

Groups of muscles and joints constrained to act as functional units by nervous system to act cooperatively to produce an action

35
Q

Invariant features

A

form basis of what is stored in memory; do not vary across performances of a skill within class of actions

36
Q

Parameters

A

movement-related features of the performances of an action that can be varied from one performance to another

37
Q

Dynamic systems theory (DST)

A

Emphasizes role of info in the environment and mechanical properties of body and limbs

38
Q

Coordination/movement characteristics

A

Complex, non-linear, self-organizing, and emergence of stability

39
Q

Self-organization

A

Behavior that spontaneously emerges in response to a particular set of constraints

40
Q

Attractors

A

preferred (stable) behavioral steady states of systems

41
Q

Control parameter

A

a variable when increased or decreased will influence the stability and character of the order parameter; becomes variable to manipulate in order to assess stability of order parameter

42
Q

Order parameter

A

Functionally specific variables that define the overall behavior of system

43
Q

Perception-action coupling

A

linkage between info specifying body and environment and action control

44
Q

Affordances

A

reciprocal fit between characteristics of the person and environment that allow certain actions to happen

45
Q

Meissner’s corpuscle

A

rapidly adapting mechanoreceptor, touch and pressure

46
Q

Merkel’s corpuscle

A

slowly adapting mechanoreceptor, touch and pressure

47
Q

Free neuron ending

A

slowly adapting, including nociceptors, itch receptors, thermoreceptors, and mechanoreceptors

48
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

rapidly adapting mechanoreceptor, vibration and deep pressure

49
Q

Ruffini corpuscle

A

slowly adapting mechanoreceptor, skin stretch

50
Q

3 types of proprioceptors

A

Muscle spindles, golgi-tendon organs, and joint receptors

51
Q

Muscle spindles

A

skeletal muscle in specialized capsules; detects muscle stretch and velocity

52
Q

Golgi-tendon organs

A

in skeletal muscle near insertion of tendon - detect changes in muscle tension/force

53
Q

Joint receptors

A

joint capsule and ligaments - detect force, rotation applied to joint, and joint movement angle

54
Q

Surgical deafferentation

A

afferent neural pathways associated with movements of interest have been surgically removed or altered

55
Q

Deafferentation due to sensory neuropathy

A

Large myelinated fibers of limb are lost, leading to a loss of all sensory info except pain and temperature

56
Q

Role of proprioception in motor control

A

Movement accuracy, timing of onset motor commands, and coordination of body and limb segments

57
Q

2 visual systems

A

Rods
Cones

58
Q

Rods

A

low-light vision and night vision; periphery of retina, towards edges of eye

59
Q

Cones

A

detect colors and other fine details; central region of retina called fovea

60
Q

Central (foveal) vision

A

Provides specific info to allow us to achieve action goals; detects information only in the middle of 2 - 5 degrees of visual field;

61
Q

Peripheral (ambient) vision

A

detects info beyond central vision limits; visual field extends approx. 200 degrees horizontally and 160 degrees vertically; provides info about environmental context and moving limb(s)

KNES 371 (1 decks)

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