Exam 2 Flashcards
Intifada (First and Second)
The first Intifada (1987-1993) was a Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation in the West Bank and Gaza. Characterized by protests, civil disobedience, and limited armed conflicts, it led to the Oslo Accords
The second intifada (2000-2005) also known as the Al-Aqsa Intifada was more violent involving suicide bombings, armed attacks, and Israeli military responses, leaning to extensive casualties and damage
Black September 1972
Refers to the attack at the Munich Olympics by the Black September organization, a Palestinian militant group, resulting fin the death of 11 Israeli athletes and coaches. The event highlighted international terrorism global reach and led to significant changes in the counterterrorism measures.
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
Founded in 1964, the PLO sought to represent the Palestinian people and establish an independent Palestinian state. Initially considered a terrorist organization by Israel and the US, it eventually shifted towards diplomacy, recognized by the UN and later by Israel as the legitimate representative of Palestinians
Hezbollah
A Shi’a militant group and political party based in Lebanon, backed by Iran, and active since the early 1980’s. Known fro its anti-israel stance and extensive social services in Lebanon, its considered a terrorist organization by countries like the US due to its militant activities and global reach
Hamas
A Palestinian Sunni-Islamist organization founded in 1987. Operating in Gaza it combines social services with military action against Israel and is considered a terrorist organization by many countries though it holds significant political power in Gaza
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)
Also known as the Tamil Tigers this separatist militant group fought for an independent Tamil state in Sri Lanka from 1976 until its defeat in 2009. Known for pioneering suicide bombings, they were designated a terrorist organization by multiple countries
Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
A white supremacist group originating in the US in the post Civil War era. It has long history of racial terrorism against African Americans, Jews, and other minority groups and has evolved through various phases while remaining rooted in white nationalist ideology
The Order
A white supremacist group active in the 1980s, known for armed robberies and the murder of Jewish radio host Alan Berg. It was influenced by the Neo-Nazi book the Turner Diaries and aimed to established a white ethnostate
Ruby Ridge 1992
A stand off between Randy Weaver and federal agents at his Idaho Cabin, where a US Marshal and two members of the Weaver’s family were killed. The event became a rallying point for anti-government and militia movements in the US
Waco Siege 1993
A 51 day standoff between the FBI and the Branch Davidian’s, a religious group led by David Koresh, near Waco, Texas. The siege ended in a deadly fire and increased distrust of federal authorities, especially among militias
Acceleration
A strategy where far right extremist aim to destabilize society by provoking violence and chaos, hastening societal collapse. This ideology is often tied to white supremacist and neo-Nazi groups seeking to exploit division for radical change
Posse Comitatus
A US based anti-government movement starting in the 1970s, opposing federal authority and espousing sovereign citizen ideology. Members believe in local self0governance and reject federal laws and taxes
Vertical Terrorism
Involves a hierarchical structure clear with leadership (Traditional terrorist organizations like Al-Qaeda)
Horizontal Terrorism
Decentralized with groups or individuals acting independently, often inspired by common ideology (Lone wolf, leaderless resistance)
Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT)
A Pakistan based jihadist group, known for attacks against India, including the 2008 Mumbai attacks. Designated a terrorist organization by the US and India. It seeks to establish an Islamic state in South Asia
Abu Sayyaf
A militant Islamist group in the Philippines with ties to both Al-Qaeda and ISIS, known for kidnapping, bombings, and beheadings. Its goal is to create an independent islamic state in the southern Philippines
Zionism
A movement for the establishment of a Jewish homeland, which led to the founding of Israel in 1948. Initially political, Zionism has evolved with both religious and and secular branches. often sparking debate in relation to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict
Leaderless Resistance
A strategy encouraging lone actors or small cells to carry out attacks without direct orders from a central command. Popular in far-right and extremist movements, it reduces the chance of infiltration by authorities
Oath Keepers
Oath keepers is a far right militia that claims to defend the constitution but has been involved in armed standoffs and the January 6th capitol attack
Boogaloo Bois
Loosely organized group advocating for civil war or government overthrow. known for anti-government and often anti-law enforcement sentiments
Great replacement Through and Charlottesville ‘Unite the Right’ rally 2017
The great replacement theory promotes the idea that non-white populations are “replacing” white populations, leading to white nationalist violence. This theory was evident in the Charlottesville rally, where white supremacist. gathered, resulting in deadly violence
January 6th 2021 Capitol Attack
An attack on the US Capitol by supporters of then President Trump attempting to overturn the 2020 election. It highlighted domestic terrorism concerns and was fueled by misinformation and radicalization online
Atomwaffe
A neo-Nazi promoting violent revolution to establish a white ethnostate. Known for its extremist ideology and involvement in several murders, it represents a more radical wing of the white supremacist movement
Christian Identity
An extremist religious ideology promoting white supremacy, interpreting teh Bible to justify racist and anti-Semitic beliefs. It has influenced various far right and Neo-Nazi groups in the US
Yasser Arafat
Prominent Palestinian political leader and chairman of the PLO from 1969 to 2004. Arafat co-founded teh Fatah movement and was central in the Palestinian struggle for Palestinian self-determination. Initially associated with militancy, he later shifted towards diplomacy, participating in the Oslo Accords, for which was awarded the Nobel Peace Price alongside Yitzhak Rabin and Shimon Peres in 1994
William Potter Gale
A key figure in the US far-right Christian identity movement, Gale promoted anti-semitic, anti-government beliefs. He founded the Posse Comitatus movement in the 1970s, advocating for local militias and the rejection of federal authority which became a model for later anti government groups
Eric Rudolph
An American domestic terrorist responsible for the Centennial Olympic Park bombing during the 1996 Atlanta Olympics as well as several other attacks targeting abortion clinics and a gay nightclub. His actions were motivated by anti-abortion and anti-LGBTQ beliefs. After evading capture for years, he was arrested in 2003 and sentenced to life without parole
Anders Behring Breivik
A Norwegian far-right extremist who carried out the 2011 attacks in Norway, killing eight in a bombing in Oslo and 69 at a youth camp on Utoya island. His manifesto detailed anti-muslim, anti-immigrant, and anti-leftist sentiments, and he aimed to spark a culture war in Europe
Brenton Tarrant
An Australian white supremacist who conducted the 2019 Christchurch mosque shootings in New Zealand, killing 51 people and injuring dozens, He posted a manifesto referencing the Great Replacement Theory and. broadcasted the attack live on social media. His actions spurredd global debates on white supremacy and online radilization
