Exam 2 Flashcards
Lactose is a type of _______________ found in _______________.
Lactose is a type of sugar found in milk.
The shell of an egg performs what functions?
The shell provides protection, regulates gas exchange through pores, and supplies calcium for embryo development.
chalazae,
Chalazae: Keeps yolk centered.
albumen
Albumen: Supplies water and protein.
yolk
nutrient source
blastoderm
living center where fertilization occurs
vitelline membrane
protects yolk
cuticle
bacterial protection
pores
gas exchange
lysozyme
antibacterial enzyme
air cell
Initial breath
Avidin
protein that inhibits bacterial growth
Which has a higher % protein: milk, meat, or eggs?
Eggs generally have a higher protein percentage than milk, with meat varying by type.
How does cow’s milk differ from polar bear’s milk?
Polar bear milk has higher fat to support cubs in cold environments, while cow’s milk has lower fat.
Conditions to maintain egg quality during storage?
Store eggs in a cool, dry place, limit handling, and keep them away from strong odors.
respiratory
lungs, trachea, bronchi
urinary
kidneys,bladder,ureters
Reproductive
Ovaries, uterus, cervix
Circulatory
heart, veins, arteries
nervous
brain, spinal cord, nerves
musculoskeletal
bones, muscles, ligaments
digestive
stomach, intestines, liver
Four primary tissue types?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous.
Five types of connective tissue?
Loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, cartilage, bone, blood.
cranial
Toward the head
Caudal
Toward the tail
Dorsal
Toward the back
Ventral
Toward the belly
Purposes of the endocrine and nervous systems?
Endocrine regulates body functions via hormones; nervous controls responses and sensory processing.
Branches of the autonomic nervous system and functions?
Sympathetic: “Fight or flight.”
Parasympathetic: “Rest and digest.”
Percentage of each milk component?
Fat: 3-4%
Lactose: 4-5%
Protein: 3-4%
Water: 87-88%
Minerals/Vitamins/Other: 1%
Casein is a type of ___________ found in milk.
Casein is a type of protein found in milk.
Term describing alteration of fat globules to prevent separation in milk?
Homogenization.
Amount of milk needed to make one pound of cheese?
About 10 pounds of milk.
% fat in types of fluid milk: Whole, 1%, Skim?
Whole: 3.25% fat
1% Milk: 1% fat
Skim: Less than 0.5% fat
What is energy?
Energy is the capacity to do work, such as growth, reproduction, or maintenance.
NRC and its purpose?
National Research Council (NRC) provides nutrient requirement guidelines for animals.
Importance of knowing an animal’s nutrient requirements?
Helps design species-specific diets based on digestive capabilities.
Differences between roughages and concentrates?
Roughages are high-fiber (e.g., hay); concentrates are high-energy/protein (e.g., grains). Fiber content is the benchmark.
Difference between energy feed and protein feed/supplement?
Energy feeds provide calories (e.g., corn); protein feeds support growth (e.g., soybean meal).
Examples of feeds in each nutrient class?
Water: Fresh water
Carbohydrates: Corn
Proteins: Soybean meal
Fats: Vegetable oil
Vitamins: Vitamin supplements
Minerals: Salt, limestone
What is maintenance?
Maintenance is the energy/nutrients needed to sustain basic bodily functions without weight change.
Species with each digestive system type?
Monogastric: Pigs, humans
Ruminant: Cows, sheep
Hind-gut fermenter: Horses, rabbits
Importance of digestive anatomy in animal nutrition?
Helps design species-specific diets based on digestive capabilities.
Differences between ruminants and hind-gut fermenters?
Ruminants have multi-chambered stomachs; hind-gut fermenters ferment in the cecum/colon.
Ruminants digest fiber more thoroughly.
Site for nutrient absorption in all digestive systems?
Small intestine.
Capacity of a mature cow’s rumen?
Approximately 40-50 gallons
Digestive system that utilizes microbial protein?
Ruminants.
Digestive systems able to utilize cellulose (fiber)?
Ruminants and hind-gut fermenters.
Portion of large intestine more developed in hind-gut fermenters?
Cecum.
Organs analogous to swine stomach in ruminants and chickens?
Ruminant: Abomasum
Chicken: Proventriculus
