exam 2 Flashcards
2 dimensions of parentings
demandingness and responsiveness
4 styles of parenting & their characteristics
authoritarian: high demand, low response
authoritative: high demand, high response
indulgent: low demand, high response
indifferent: low demand, low response
which parenting style has best outcomes?
authoritative
authoritarian outcomes
- low intellectual curiosity
- low social competence
- look @ outside figures in moral decisions
indulgent outcomes
- immature
- difficulty controlling impulses
- difficulty accepting responsibility
- lack independence
limitations on baumrind’s styles?
studies on white, middle-class,
characteristics may overlap,
doesn’t consider context
what do parents and adolescents argue about?
- mundane issues
- difference in perspectives on the issue (teens = personal, parents = social conventions)
- disparity in authority
how often is parent-teen conflict?
- frequent
- significant increase from early to mid adolescence
- declines later
why is there an increase in parent-teen conflict?
- frequent
- significant increase from early to mid adolescence
- declines later
what are parents experiencing during kids’ adolescents?
- health concerns
- midlife crises
- attractiveness
- occupational/life plateau
how many parents think adolescence is the hardest stage to parent?
2/3
does mental health generally decline with the “empty nest”?
no
define family systems theory
emphasizes interconnections among different family relationships
what is the type of cycle we may see between teens and parents?
maladaptive
(negativity –> more negative behaviors –> worse relationship)
immigrant families value __ more than american families
familism
indifferent outcomes
- more impulsive
- more delinquency
authoritative parenting is more prevalent in which ethnicity?
white
postfigurative culture
socialization of young people done primarily by adults/elders
cultural change is slow
configurative culture
socialization of young people by both adults & peers
contemporary societies
prefigurative culture
adults socialized by young people
societal change is rapid
(girls) steep increase in time spent with peers when?
14-15 y/o
in what ways do peer groups change in adolescence?
- sharp increase in Adol. in time spent with peers
- peer grps function more often w/o supervision
- increasing more contact btwn boys and girls
- shift from small grps to crowds
why do peer groups change?
- puberty (interest in romance)
- cognitive development allowing for better perception of social relationships
- changes in social definition (adaptive response)
define cliques
tighter-knit grps
define crowds
larger grps, based on reputation and stereotypes
define reference grp
the group an individual compares themselves against
how do multiethnic schools tend to group (crowds)?
by ethnicity (ex: white jocks and black jocks)
who do adolescents tend to befriend in school?
those with same orientation towards school
this tends to work as a cycle because peers also influence your own attitude towards school
sociometric popularity
how well-liked someone is
perceived popularity
how much status/prestige someone has
what does peer victimization do to one’s self-esteem?
it diminishes one’s self-esteem
acts as a cycle because those with low self-esteem are often targeted more
(boys vs girls) who is more likely to retaliate to cyberbullying?
boys
peer socialization is far stronger in which aspect of life
day to day decision
(ex: NOT religion)
standards-based reform brought what to schools?
common core
why do 8th graders feel less free than 6th graders?
- less perceived autonomy
- harsher teachers
- unfair rules
define tracking
the practice of separating students into ability groups
pro of tracking
fine-tuning skills
cons of tracking
- worse quality of education
- grouped socialization
- tends to discriminate against poor class and ethnic minority
- students who need more help actually end up with lower quality classes
big fish - little pond effect and the catch
the reason that individuals who attend high school with high-achieving peers feel worse abt themselves than comparably successful individuals w/ lower-achieving peers
the catch: the “successful” one amongst lower-achieving peers may actually be learning less than the former
how tracking affects students psychologically?
higher-achieving students are hurt psychologically when separated from others
but,
keeping lower-achieving students with the higher-achieving hurts them too bc they compare themselves
3 types of adhd
- predominantly inattentive (30-40%)
- predominantly hyperactive/impulsive (<5%)
- combined (50-60%)
using adder all recreationally is seen more in which community?
affluent
are cross-ethnic friendships more common in boys or girls? why?
boys
partially due to athletic programs
are better outcomes for home-schooled teens associated with stronger or weaker religious ties?
stronger
weaker ties = 3x more likely to be behind public school peers, half as likely to participate in extra-c activities
how to generate social capital
stronger community
positive social climate leads to (2)
- positive outlook
- prosocial behavior
positive outlooks lead to (2)
- positive social climate
- prosocial behavior
how does ethnic group parent-teen arguing differ from white?
they have less arguments over mundane topics
where is generational dissonance more common?
immigrant families
5 findings in divorce
- effect is small in magnitude
- quality of the relationship matters more than the number of parents you have
- genetic predispositions to emotional responses to parents getting divorced
- there are sleeper effects
- exposure to conflict affects the outcome on the child
extra? closeness to extended family can diminish effects
divorce and mental health on kids
stronger effects when kids are exposed to the conflict
child may hold blame
will affect quality of parent-child relationship
why are peer groups necessary?
- all individuals expected to learn the same set of norms
- rules governing behavior apply equally to all members of the community
- socialization isn’t limited to family
- need for universal school-based education creates age-segregated peer groups
crowds serving as reference grps:
- encouraged to follow trends (good and bad reinforcements)
- imitating high status peers
- establishes norms to follow
the weird cycle between sociometric and perceived popularity
more sociometric popularity will bring more perceived popularity over time, but in order to maintain perceived popularity, one typically engages in behaviors that will diminish sociometric popularity
socialization and selection in friend groups
the cycle: you are socialized by your friends but you also select friends based on your mindset
seen more about mundane things like music and school
are popular teens more socially skilled than unpopular?
yes
and this allows them to develop even more social skills
define proactive aggression
deliberate and planned
define reactive aggression
unplanned and impulsive
how does aggression affect popularity?
proactive aggression can bring more popularity, but this is different from delinquency. delinquency takes away popularity
popular adolescents are more likely to… (4)
- have close intimate relationships
- have active social life
- participate in extra-c activities
- receive more social recognition
the 3 types of unpopular adolescents
- those with problems controlling aggression
- withdrawn teens who are shy, anxious, and inhibited
- both aggressive and withdrawn
effects of peer rejection
major source of stress
(teens have a stronger response to this than kids, ofc)
are girls or boys more likely to engage in relational aggression?
girls
define relational aggression
acts intended to harm another through the manipulation of relationships with others (like gossip)
what parenting styles may someone who engages in relational aggression come from?
indulgent or authoritarian
association between relational aggression and popularity
relational aggression tends to make you more popular
rejected kids are more likely to have what bias?
hostile attribution bias
how many students report physical bullying?
1/3
4 categories of victims
- mainly passive
- mainly aggressive
- support seeking
- those who do a little of everything
origins of secondary education
- urbanization
- immigration
- industrialization
what did NO CHILD LEFT BEHIND mandate?
that all states ensure that all students achieve academic proficiency on standardized annual tests
social promotion
promoting students from one grade to the next automatically, regardless of performance
government funding and NCLB?
better academic performance brings better funding
failures –> school closure
bigger schools: pros and cons
pros: varied curriculum, diverse extra-c activities, schools within schools
cons: inequality in educational experiences, academically underperforming students are outsiders
smaller schools: pros and cons
pros: higher performance, encourages participation, students more likely to do things that make them feel confident (ex: leadership positions)
cons: less classes offered, less people, less diversity
does class size matter for teens?
no
what can we usually attribute a drop in grades to (in the transition to secondary)?
- drop in motivation
- difficulties transitioning
does zero tolerance help?
no (bc you’ve grouped all delinquents together)
relatively busy teens are?
well-adjusted
rates of drug and alcohol use is __ among teen workers
higher
why do teen workers engage in more alt and drug use?
- more discretionary income
- disrupted parent relationship
- more common high-stress jobs
most common extra-c?
athletics
why do middle class parents encourage extra-c?
self-improvement
why do lower class parents encourage extra-c?
keeping teens safe and out of trouble
negative associations with being in a sport:
higher levels of delinquency
routine activity theory
a perspective on adolescence that views unstructured, unsupervised time w/ peers as a main cause of misbehavior
five C’s of positive youth dev:
competence, compassion, connection, confidence, character
when do teen-arrests for aggravated assault occur the most?
school days, 3-6pm
using moderate media is associated with __ outcomes
positive
amount of screen time is __ linked to the amount of time they spend in physical activity
inversely
cycle: excessive screen time and __
depression
youth development theory
programs designed to facilitate healthy psychosocial development
(promoting good behavior)
