exam 2 Flashcards
what is research
the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources to establish facts and reach conclusions
what is key to research
carefully formulating a research question/falsifiable hypothesis
what are the types of research
- observational
- experimental
observational research
- measuring of relationships betwen events or conditions
- no manipulation or intervening
- supports future experimental work
what is the con of observational research
hard to make confidenct cause-and-effect inferences
expiremental research
investigator directly manipulates conditions to measure the response
what are the different types of variables
-independent variable
- dependent variable
- intervening/confounding variable
independent variable
controlled by the investigator, or the uncontrolled cause
other ways to refer to IV
treatment, predictor
dependent variable
- not controlled
- the effect
- the variable that is measured in response to the IV
other ways to refer to DV
response, criterion
intervening/confounding variables
influence the DV as well but are not controlled by the investigator
what can intervening/confounding variables lead to
erroneous conclusions
what is the goal of sampling
to extract a sample (n) that is representative of the population (N)
what does having a representative same do
the effect of an IV on a DV can be generalized to all other members of that population
what are the types of sampling methods
- random sample
- stratified sample
- conenience sample
- systemic sample
- cluster sample
random sample
each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected
stratified sample
ensure representation of subgroups within the population of interest
convinence sample
members are selected based on “ease and proximity”
systemic sample
members are selected at regular intervals from a randomly ordered list
cluster sample
populations are divided into subgroups or “clusters” then members are randomly selected from a cluster
what is the ideal sampling method how come it isnt used
random sample, but its difficult for this to occur
what is the sampling method that is most suseptable to bias
convinence sampling
bias
aspects of the sample make it unrepresentative to the population