EXAM 2

Question 1

political socialization

Answer 1

the lifelong process through which individuals aquire political beliefs, values, and attitudes

Question 2

agents of socialization

Answer 2

family, schools, peers, media, and social instiutions that influence political values

Question 3

political ideology

Answer 3

a set of beliefs about politics and the role of government

Question 4

liberalism

Answer 4

emphasizes social equality, government intervention in the economy, and expanded social programs

Question 5

conservatism

Answer 5

advocates for limited government, personal responsibility, and traditional social values

Question 6

libertarianism

Answer 6

favors individual freedom, limited government in both social and economic matters

Question 7

how polling is done

Answer 7

methods include random sampling, survey design, and question phrasing to guage public opinion

Question 8

polling errors

Answer 8

errors can stem from sampling bias, question wording, and response inaccuracies

Question 9

amendments impacting voting rights

Answer 9

15, 19, 24, 26

Question 10

15th amendment

Answer 10

prohibited voting discrimination based on race

Question 11

19th amendment

Answer 11

granted women the right to vote

Question 12

24th amendment

Answer 12

outlawed poll taxes in federal elections

Question 13

26th amendment

Answer 13

lowered the voting age to 18

Question 14

voting requirements

Answer 14

criteria like citizenship, residency, and age requirements

Question 15

voting demographics

Answer 15

examines how age, gender, income, and race impact voting behavior

Question 16

comparing voting in the u.s and europe

Answer 16

key differences include voter turnout rates, election frequency, and voting laws

Question 17

historical voting barriers

Answer 17

literacy tests and poll taxes [ previously used to disenfranchise certain groups]

Question 18

political parties

Answer 18

organizations that aim to influence government by getting members elected to office

Question 19

history of political parties

Answer 19

evolution from the federalists and anti federalists to modern republicans and democrats

Question 20

primary elections

Answer 20

elections within a party to select a candidate for the general election

Question 21

third parties

Answer 21

minor parties that can influence major party platforms and election outcomes

Question 22

single member districts

Answer 22

electoral system where one representative is chosen per district, favoring a two-party system

Question 23

proportional representation

Answer 23

electoral system where parties gain seats based on the percentage of votes received

Question 24

party organization

Answer 24

structure of national, state, and local party organizations and their roles in elections

Question 25

cost of campaigns

Answer 25

includes campaign financing, fundrasing, and the impact of money on politics

Question 26

interest groups

Answer 26

organizations that influence government policy without seeking direct election

Question 27

iron triangle

Answer 27

relationship between congress, government agencies, and interest groups

Question 28

inside lobbying

Answer 28

directly influencing policymakers through meetingd and information sharing

Question 29

outside lobbying

Answer 29

mobilizing public opinion and grassroots efforts to influence policymakers

Question 30

agency capture

Answer 30

when regulatory agencies prioritize the interests of the groups they regulate over the public

Question 31

political action committees (PACs)

Answer 31

organizations that raise money to influence elections

Question 32

citizens united v. FEC

Answer 32

supreme court ruling allowing unlimited corporate and union spending in elections

Question 33

free rider problem

Answer 33

when individuals benefit from an interest groups efforts without contributing

Question 34

incentives for interest group membership

Answer 34

includes material, purposive, and solitary incentives

Question 35

amicus curiae

Answer 35

"friend of the court" breifs submitted to provide additional perspectives in judicial cases

Question 36

federal communications commission (FCC)

Answer 36

regulates broadcasting and enforces media laws

Question 37

high choice vs. low choice media

Answer 37

high choice media offers diverse content options, while low choice limits exposure

Question 38

media coverage

Answer 38

how the media reports on political events, influencing public perception

Question 39

equal-time rule

Answer 39

requires equal airtime for political candidates on broadcast media

Question 40

yellow journalism

Answer 40

sensationalized news to attract readers, common in the late 19th century

Question 40

fairness doctrine

Answer 40

former FCC policy requiring balanced covrage on controversial issues

Question 41

media functions

Answer 41

signaler functions common carrier functions watchdog function partisan function

Question 42

signalar function

Answer 42

alerts the public to important issues

Question 43

common carrier function

Answer 43

provides a communication channel for government to reach the public

Question 44

watchdog function

Answer 44

monitors government actions and exposes wrongdoing

Question 45

partisan function

Answer 45

media outlets that openly promote specific politcal perspectives