exam 2 Flashcards
In what two ways does Hart suggest that a person having been obliged to do something is distinguishable from their having had an obligation to do that thing
What does Hart identify as the only circumstance in which rules impose obligations
What does Hart define as primary rules; what does he define as secondary rules
When does a primitive system become a legal system according to Hart
What does Hart consider the three main characteristics of obligations
What does Hart consider a primitive community to be
What does Hart consider the three requirements for primitive communities to persist
What does Hart identify as the three defects of character of rules in primitive communities and how does he suggest each is remedied
What according to Hart does legal validity rely upon, and how does it relate to legal efficacy
According to Hart, who must accept the validity of the rule of recognition, and who must merely comply with it
According to Hart, on what fact does the existence of a legal system depend, and in what circumstances can this fact cease to be
According to Hart, in what way can the ambiguity of legislation be resolved by precedent, and in what way can it be resolved by the legislation itself
According to Hart, in what two ways can the generality of law be achieved, and in what way does each risk creating ambiguity
What is formalism, and how does it relate to legal uncertainty
What is rule scepticism, and because of what three facts does it arise according to Hart; what counterarguments does Hart offer for each
What THREE arguments does Hart make against the central claim of rule scepticism, and what two counterarguments would a rule sceptic make against one of them
How does the relationship between courts and parliament create an apparent inconsistency for the rule of recognition, and what counterargument does Hart offer
What does Hart identify as the four features of moral rules which distinguish them from law, and what does each involve; what is a possible fifth feature which Hart argues against
What does Hart identify as the six similarities which moral rules and legal rules share
According to Hart, justice consists of what two precepts; what three examples does Hart give where the general good will require that these precepts be set aside
What perspective does Hart consider natural law as deriving from; what five characteristics does he consider as justifying the minimum content of natural law
What six forms does Hart view the claim that the content of natural law must go beyond the minimum necessary for human survival as taking, and what does each involve
In what two ways does Hart consider international law analogous to municipal law, and in what way does he distinguish them; what conclusion does he reach about international law based on this
According to Dworkin, what are the differences between arguments of policy and arguments of principle; when should courts use each, and why; what counterargument is made to this, and how does Dworkin respond
What does Dworkin consider a political right, and a political goal, and what is the relationship between them; what theories blur the line between them, and what counterarguments does Dworkin present to this
How does Dworkin distinguish rights in terms of their legal recognition, and in terms of how they are weighed against other aims; what is the relationship between these two categories, and what two concepts does he view as central for one of the types of rights
What process does Dworkin consider ideal for judges reasoning through hard cases, when the existence of a right is unclear, and when the existence of the right is clear but it’s relevance to a present issue is not; how should they deal with precedent; how should they rely on their personal convictions; how does Dworkin view Hart’s process
According to Dworkin, when can governments legitimately limit people’s moral rights and in what three ways might this occur; when can they not limit moral rights and why; does he think people have a legal duty to obey laws which illegitimately limit moral rights, and why
According to Dworkin, what two forms can the ‘no right answers’ view of law take, and what does he make of each of them
How does Holmes construe the law, and legal duties and rights, and how does he justify this view
How does Holmes distinguish law and morality
What does Holmes view as the primary determinant of the state of the law; what issues does he identify with this, and what does he argue for as an alternative
How does Alexander distinguish a simple minded originalist, a pure textualist, and an OPM proponent when it comes to interpreting the meaning of a text
According to Alexander, what three issues with simple minded originalism does OPM purport to address, and what counterarguments does Alexander make
What three issues does Alexander identify with pure textualism and OPM that simple minded originalism does not have
Why does Fish prefer originalism/intentionalism over pure textualism and OPM
According to Fish, what two conclusions lead from intentionalism, and why does he view it as necessary for interpretation
According to George, what do theories of natural law do
How does George characterise his theory of natural law, and to what does he ascribe its authority; how does he view the status of unjust laws
According to George, how does natural law justify laws without moral character, and what does this necessitate for how judges rule
According to Finnis, what are basic forms of good, and what are the seven forms; how does he view other forms of good; how do they relate to antisocial values; how do they relate to the theory of pleasure as the only true value
Acccording to Fuller, what are the eight ways in which the formation of law can fail, and what is the effect of such failures
According to Fuller, in what way is the morality of law natural law, and why; what value is it based on as natural law; in what way is it moral
Acccording to Gordon, in what three ways are legal discourses discourses of power; what are the effects of this
According to Gordon, in what three ways does critical legal studies subvert mainstream legal discourses
According to Barnes, what are the three core features of ccritical race scholarship