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PSY 240 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How does physical growth (height and weight) change during early childhood?

A

Average growth slows down to 2.5 inches and 5 to 10 pounds per year during early childhood

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2
Q

What are brain changes that occur during early childhood?

A

At 3 years: brain is 75% of adult size
At 6 years: brain is 95% of adult size
- Myelination continues
- Spurts of growth, especially in frontal lobes

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3
Q

What are some gross motor and fine motor skills during this age range? (early childhood)

A

3 years:
- gross: Jumps off ground with both feet; Walk backwards
- fine: use fork, scissors

4 years:
- gross: Catches a large ball most of the time; Perform somersaults
- fine: unbutton buttons, hold pencil between fingers

5 years:
- gross: throw ball, bike
- fine: dress independently, copy simple drawings

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4
Q

Egocentrism

A

Perceiving the world solely from one’s own point of view

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5
Q

Animism

A

the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action

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6
Q

Conservation concept

A

Changing the appearance of objects does not necessarily change the properties

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7
Q

Centration

A

a centering of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others

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8
Q

Zone of proximal development

A

the range of tasks too difficult for the child alone but that can be learned with guidance

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9
Q

Scaffolding, what makes scaffolding successful?

A

More knowledgeable other changes the level of support and instruction provided to master a task
Gaining and maintaining the learner’s interest in the task.
Making the task simple.
Emphasizing certain aspects that will help with the solution.
Control the child’s level of frustration.
Demonstrate the task.

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10
Q

Private speech

A

Child discusses aloud (to his/herself) what to do

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11
Q

What are the components of executive functioning? How does this help us understand the cognitive gains that children get?

A

sensory input enters the sensory memory (unattended info is lost) attention reaches the short term memory where rehearsal is maintained (unrehearsed material is lost) we encode short-term to long term and retrieve long-term from short-term (some info may be lost in long term)

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12
Q

How does attention change in the early childhood years?

A

start to have executive attention (planning, goals, monitoring) and sustained attention (engagement with the environment)

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13
Q

How does short-term memory change in the early childhood years?

A

have great memory but are susceptible to suggestive questions

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14
Q

What is Erikson’s stage of initiative vs. guilt?

A

initiative: i can do it mentality
guilt: they mess up and think they are a bad child

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15
Q

Self

A

Physical characteristics
Personality traits
Personal preferences
Social and familial relationships
Details of ethnicity, culture, national origin

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16
Q

How does self-concept change over development?

A

Begins with concrete, physical descriptions
Becomes complex as children get older
Based on direct and indirect evaluations of others
Development of self-conscious emotions
Very positive / confident self appraisals

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17
Q

Pretend play

A

symbolic play: make-believe play
social play: interaction with others
constructive play: create something new

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18
Q

Sociodramatic play

A

children create a miniature drama either of other children or adults

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19
Q

Peers

A

People of approximately the same age and status

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20
Q

Friendship

A

An intimate, reciprocated positive relationship between two people

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21
Q

Who do we become friends with in early childhood?

A

similarity: interest/behavior, cognitive maturity, academic motivation, age, emotion

proximity

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22
Q

What do friends do for children?

A

support and validation
develop cognitive and social skills
possible costs (aggression)
gender differences

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23
Q

Age range (middle childhood)

A

6 to about 10-11 years old

24
Q

Brain development (prefrontal cortex)
(middle childhood)
What does brain development mean for cognitive or social changes?

A

Prefrontal cortex growth = better attention
More localized and focused activation of the brain
Improved connectivity between lobes of the brain

25
Q

Piaget- concrete operational stage

A

Children can reason logically in concrete terms.
- Classify things into different sets.
- Transitivity - logically combine relations of things

26
Q

Seriation
How may seriation be important to academic learning?

A

ability to order based on one dimension

27
Q

Information processing
long term memory
memory strategies

A

in middle childhood they can process bigger chunks of information and retain more in their long term memory due to memory strategies

Strategies - deliberate mental activities that improve information processing

28
Q

Metacognition

A

which is knowing about knowing

29
Q

Working memory

A

manipulate and assemble information for decision making, solving problems, and comprehending language.

30
Q

Attention

A
31
Q

Learning disabilities
How many children will receive special education?

A

Dyslexia - difficulties with reading
Dysgraphia - difficulty with handwriting
Dyscalculia - difficulty with math

13% of students receive special education

32
Q

ADHD

A

Hyperactivity, impulsivity and attention problems
Consequences are difficulty with academic and social functioning in school

33
Q

Growth mindset vs. fixed mindset

A

Growth: improve from mistakes, try new things

fixed: mistakes limit my abilities, I can either do it or I can’t

34
Q

The self
How do middle/late children describe themselves?
What is social comparison and how do kids use this in the way they think about themself?

A

describe themselves through psychological traits
- social comparison: Comparing self to others in order to evaluate oneself

35
Q

Self-esteem

A

Person’s overall sense of their value / worth
- scholastic, social, athletic competence, body appearance, behavior, global self-worth

emerge around 8 years of age

36
Q

Self-efficacy

A

the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes.

37
Q

Peers and friends
How do children develop friends over development?
Intimacy
peer status

A

intimacy (private thoughts, sharing) start to emerge
prefer same sex friends
peer groups increase
importance on reciprocity

38
Q

Age range (approximate)
(adolescence)

A

onset of puberty
10 - 15

39
Q

Puberty
Physical changes
Testosterone and estradiol
How has puberty changed over the last 100 years?
Menarche

A

puberty:
- A brain-neuroendocrine process that provides stimulation for rapid physical development.
- Cascade of hormones
- Maturation of reproductive organs

testosterone: genital development, increased height, and deepening of the voice.

estradiol: breast, uterine, and skeletal development.

menarche: the first period

puberty is starting earlier as opposed to 100 years ago

40
Q

Body image
How does pubertal timing influence body image/satisfaction?

A

Preoccupation with body image is strong throughout adolescence.

Girls are less happy with their bodies and have more negative body images.

Body images became more positive as they moved from the beginning to the end of adolescence

41
Q

What brain changes are occurring?
Prefrontal cortex (aka frontal cortex)
Amygdala
Ventral striatum

A

amygdala becomes active (emotion)

prefrontal cortex matures later around 25 years

ventral striatum is super active that involves sensitivity to rewards

42
Q

Sexual identity

A
43
Q

How have sexual behaviors changed from the 1990’s to today?

A
44
Q

What increases the risk for risky sexual behaviors during adolescence? What decreases the risk?

A
45
Q

What are problems with adolescent pregnancy for the mother? For the infant?

A
46
Q

Adolescent health
Leading causes of death

A
47
Q

Piaget: Formal operational stage
What is the difference between concrete and formal operational stages?
Hypothetical-deductive reasoning

A
48
Q

Adolescent egocentrism
Personal fable
Imaginary audience

A
49
Q

Executive functioning
How does executive functioning change in adolescence?

A
50
Q

Self-esteem
How does self-esteem change over adolescence?

A
51
Q

Identity

A
52
Q

Identity v role confusion
Psychosocial moratorium

A
53
Q

Identity achievement
(crisis & commitment)

A
54
Q

Identity foreclosure
(crisis & commitment)

A
55
Q

Identity moratorium
(crisis & commitment)

A
56
Q

Identity diffusion
(crisis & commitment)

A
57
Q

How is identity development influenced by culture and ethnicity?

A

PSY 240 (2 decks)

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