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Insect Biology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Excretion

A

Waste that have been metabolized by cells

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2
Q

Defecation

A

Wastes that have passed through digestive system, mouth->anus

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3
Q

Frass

A

Defecation of insects– products are passed through alimentary canal and malpighian tubules

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4
Q

Digestable food for insects

A

Proteins (into amino acids), lipids, carbohydrates, and ions (Na, K, Cl)

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5
Q

Gains during metabolisim

A

Metabolic, food, drinking

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6
Q

Loss during during metabolism

A

Cuticular, fecal, spiracular

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7
Q

A major consideration when discussing excretion systems is..

A

Water balance

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8
Q

Control of water metabolism is achieved by…

A

Diet and habitat

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9
Q

Habitat determines… (water conversation)

A

type of structure for renal system and nitrogenous waste

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10
Q

Darkling beetles water conservation

A

Extremely dry– has waxes on epicuticle and body positions to condense water from humid air

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11
Q

Mealworms water conservation

A

Extremely dry– Cryptonephric systems (allows for reabsorption of water and absorption of atmospheric water)

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12
Q

Stonefly water conservation

A

Extremely wet– always in water

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13
Q

Hindgut overview (renal system)

A

Maintains homeostatis, two main interacting parts: malphian tublues and hindgut rectal pads

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14
Q

Hindgut renal parts

A

Ileum, malpighian tubules, pyloric valve, colon, rectum

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15
Q

Renal system insects

A

Maintains homeostasis in the hemolymph (“blood”) by controlling levels of water and salt

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16
Q

Malpighian tublues function

A

Purify the hemolymph of waste and toxins, maintaining homeostasis– primary excretion organ

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17
Q

Malpighian tubules was originally described by…

A

Marcello Malpighi

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18
Q

Malpighain tubules are… (structure)

A

blind tubes that outgrowths the alimentary canal– positon marks junction of midgut and hindgut, not lined with intime, considered apart of hindgut

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19
Q

Intima

A

Cuticular layer that lines the foregut and hindgut of the alimentary canal

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20
Q

In some insects the Malpighian tubules have…

A

muscles

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21
Q

Alimentary canal

A

A long tube of organs that food travels through from the mouth to the anus

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22
Q

Malpighian tublues create (movement)…

A

a withering movement which improves fluid contact, aid of matieral movement, and mixing hemocoel content

23
Q

Heomcoel

A

Main body cavity of an insect

24
Q

Which insects have Malpighian tubules?

A

Majority insects– additionally myriapods, arachnids, and tardigrades

25
Q

Insects without Malpighian tublues

A

Aphids– lost secondarily

26
Q

Malpighian tubules produce…

A

filtrate/urine

27
Q

MT process

A

Unselective removal of substance from hemolymph through active transport-> final product is primary urine

28
Q

Active transport in MT (Ions)

A

Ions (K+ and Na) and cross cell membrane which creates osmotic gradient (water sugars and amino acids follow)

29
Q

Active transport MT (non-metabolizable)

A

Occurs in some amino acids and toxic compounds

30
Q

MT removes

A

Excess dietary components (specific undigestible ions/extra nutrients), Nitrogenous wastes from metabolism, toxin products from plant defenses, pesticides, etc.

30
Q

Insect nitrogenous wastes

A

Amino acids, nephrocytes

31
Q

Carbohydrates and lipids waste

A

Energy captures as ATP (lots of CO2 and H2O left over)– excess is stored

32
Q

Protein waste

A

Converted into gulcose, glycogen, or fat– leaves behind nitrogenous waste (toxic)

33
Q

Protiens

A

Long chains of amino acids/polypeptides– structural proteins or enzymes that catalyze biochemical processes

34
Q

Converation of nitrogenous waste

A

Nitrogenous waste to molecules that minimize toxicity (some animals can do the same)

35
Q

Types of Nitrogenous wastes

A

Uric acid (terrestrial insects), urea (mammals), ammonia (aquatic organisms/calliphoridae)

36
Q

Calliphoridae

A

Family of dipulra

37
Q

Insect waste product excreted by… (terrestrial)

A

White dry powder– since they need to conserve water

38
Q

Insects waste product excreted by… (aquatic)

A

Clear fluid (excess water) due to needing to converse ions due to osmosis

39
Q

Conversion process required a lot of…

A

energy

40
Q

Ammonia is ____ toxic

A

extremely

41
Q

Urea is ____ toxic

A

moderately

42
Q

Uric acid is ____ toxic

A

non-

43
Q

Amino acid structure

A

Amine group, central carbon, r group, carboxyl group–> forms polypeptide chain

44
Q

Demination

A

Break down of amino acids to amine group (waste product) and carboxyl group

45
Q

Ammonia with aquatic insects

A

Highly toxic but insects in aqueous environments can easily get rid of ammonia/live with ammonia

46
Q

Ammonia is ___ in water

A

soluble (can cross cell membranes easily)

47
Q

Terrestrial organisms unable to carry enough ____ to dilute ammonia

A

water

48
Q

Toxicity of Ammonia can be reduced by converting to ___

A

Urea

49
Q

Uric acid qualities

A

Low toxicity, insoluble in water, required more energy– can be removed with minimal water or retained in the body

50
Q

Hind gut recycling

A

Water and ion absorption from urine and feces, cyptonephridial system for water conservation

51
Q

Cryptonephridial system

A

Absorb water from atmospheric hind gut **?

52
Q

Hindgut three compartments

A

Ileum, colon, and rectum

53
Q
A

Insect Biology (3 decks)

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