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Behavioral Neuroscience > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

The Brain and The Senses

1
Q

Neuroaxis

A

Imaginary line running up from spinal cord to the front of the brain.

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2
Q

Rostral

A

Towards the beak (anterior)

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3
Q

Caudal

A

Towards the tail (posterior)

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4
Q

Dorsal

A

Top surface (superior)

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5
Q

Ventral

A

Bottom surface (inferior)

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6
Q

Lateral

A

towards the side (away from neuroaxis)

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7
Q

Medial

A

towards the midline (towards the neuroaxis)

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8
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Same side (e.g. smell)

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9
Q

Contralateral

A

Opposite side

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10
Q

Transverse Plane

A

Perpendicular to ground and neuroaxis (coronal; slice of bread; front and back)

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11
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Parallel to neuroaxis (hot dog bun; left and right)

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12
Q

Horizontal plane

A

parallel to the ground (hamburger bun; top and bottom)

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13
Q

Cortex

A

Collection of neurons forming a thin sheet of cells (e.g. cerebral cortex)

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14
Q

Nucleus

A

Distinguished mass of neurons usually deep within the brain (e.g. lateral geniculate nucleus)

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15
Q

Locus

A

Small, well-defined group of neurons (e.g. locus coeruleus)

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16
Q

Ganglion

A

Collection of neurons in the posterior nervous system (save one in the CNS); e.g. basal ganglia

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17
Q

Commissure

A

Collection of axons that connect two sides of the brain (e.g. anterior commissure)

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18
Q

Nerve

A

Bundle of axons in the posterior nervous system (save one in the CNS); e.g. optic nerve

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19
Q

Neurocranium

A

8 bones of skull encasing the brain

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20
Q

Suture

A

Fibrous joint of skull bones

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21
Q

Bregma

A

intersection of coronal suture and sagittal suture (reference landmark)

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22
Q

Meninges

A

Three layers of tissue (dura matter, arachnoid membrane, and pia matter) encasing the brain

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23
Q

Sphenopalatine Ganglioneuralgia

A

Brain Freeze; headache caused by rapid presentation of cold foods to palate, which induces dilation of internal carotid artery and eventually pain in the meninges.

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24
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Yellowish fluid containing salts and nutrients that bathes central nervous system

Produced by choroid plexus

Cushions that provide nutrients

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24
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

Mechanism inhibiting most chemicals and pathogens from entering the brain (capillary endothelial cellls more tightly packed with CNS)

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25
Q

Cerebral blood supply

A

brain recieves 20% of blood supply (750-1000 mL of blood/minute); 3 cerebral arteries: anterior, middle, posterior

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25
Q

Brain divisions

A

Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

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25
Q

Ventricular System

A

Series of hollow, interconnected chambers filled with CSF

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26
Q

Hindbrain main structures

A

Medulla Oblongata, pons, cerebellum

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26
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Role in cardiovascular function (heartbeat and blood pressure); gateway to the brain; area postrema

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26
Q

Pons

A

Role in sleep and arousal; locus coeruleus (noradrenergic {NE} system)

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27
Q

Cerebellum

A

Receives incoming sensory and outgoing motor information; coordinates signals

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28
Q

Midbrain structures

A

Superior colliculus, raphe nuclei, substantia nigra, midbrain nuclei

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29
Q

Superior Colliculus

A

Involved in visual reflexes and foveation

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30
Q

Raphe Nuclei

A

Origin of serotonergic system

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31
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

Origin of dopaminergic (DA) system

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32
Q

Midbrain nuclei

A

Origin of cholinergic (ACh) system

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33
Q

Forebrain main sites

A

Corpus Callosum, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system, cerebral cortex

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34
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Large bundle of axons that connects with the cerebral hemispheres (split-brain operation)

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35
Q

Thalamus

A

Inner chamber; relay system (LGN –> vision); massa intermedia (thalamic commissure)

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36
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Controls ANS; survival behaviors (four F’s); numerous subdivisions (dorsal and ventromedial hypothalamus)

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37
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Brian areas mediating movement; primary structures: caudate nucleus; putamen; globus pallidus

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38
Q

Limbic system

A

Brain areas associated with emotional processing (e.g. amygdala) and memory funtion (hippocampus)

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39
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

layer of unmyelinated neurons (gray matter); size and convolution vary greatly among species; nooks and cranies.

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40
Q

Your brain cannot compete with modern supercomputers

A

MYTH; human brains can process better and faster; computer cannot do two things at the same time; brain fits into small spaces and can process emotion, heal itself, and recognize smell.

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41
Q

You are left or right brained

A

MYTH; the hemispheres are more alike than different; lateralization of function (functional asymmetries between the two hemispheres)

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42
Q

Neurophilosophy

A

Field of philosophy of studying the mind and mental phenomena

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43
Q

Your brain has a map of the body

A

NOT A MYTH; Primary somatosensory cortex, primary motor cortex

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43
Q

Mind-Brain Problelm

A

Relationship that exists between mental processes and physical processes.

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44
Q

You have a brain to perform movement

A

Myth?!?! All behaviors are movement; much of the brain is dedicated to movement

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45
Q

Your brain stays active after you get decapacitated

A

Maybe a myth? Who knows??

Charlotte Corday (1768-1793)

Robert White (1926-2010) -
Dr. Frankenstein

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46
Q

Localization of Function

A

Principle that specific functions are mediated by circumscribed brain locations; we know this by human data: Phineas Gage, animal research, brain imaging.

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47
Q

Experimental ablation

A

Destroy (lesion) or remove area of brain and observe possible changes in behavior or performance

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48
Q

Aspiration

A

Remove tissue via pipette connected to vacuum pump

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49
Q

Subcortical Brian Lesions

A

Radiofrequency (RF) lesion, excitotoxic lesion, reversible lesion

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50
Q

Radiofrequency lesion

A

produced by heat generated from current passing through electrode; kills everything in the area

51
Q

Excitotoxic lesion

A

produced by intracerebral injection of an excitatory animo acid (e.g. kainic acid); kills neurons, not axons

52
Q

Cannula

A

Tube inserted into the brain

53
Q

Reversible lesion

A

temporary disruption produced by injecting a local anesthetic

54
Q

Sham lesion

A

“placebo” procedure duplicating all steps of producing a brain lesion except for the one that actually causes the brain damage

55
Q

Stereotaxic surgery

A

Brain surgery using a stereotaxic apparatus to position an electrode or cannula in a specified position of the brain.

56
Q

Medial Forebrain Bundle (MFB)

A

Fiber bundle that runs rostral-caudal direction through the forebrain and lateral hippocampus

57
Q

Bregma

A

Junction of sagittal and coronal sutures of the skull; used as a reference point for stereotaxic surgery

58
Q

Stereotaxic atlas

A

Collection of drawings of brain sections for a particular animal with measurements that provide coordinates for stereotaxic surgery (relative to the bregma)

59
Q

Stereotaxic apparatus

A

device that permits a surgeon to position an electrode or cannula into a specific locus of the brain

60
Q

Histological Techniques

A

Procedures used to examine anatomy of the tissue; brain tissue is fixed, sliced, and stained.

61
Q

Neuronal Labeling

A

Method in which a dye is injected into the brain, absorbed by neurons and transported within the cell; anterograde vs retrograde

62
Q

Cerebrovascular accident

A

Accident, such as stoke, causing damage to cerebral blood flow

63
Q

Stroke

A

Sudden appearance of a neurological deficit due to disruption in cerebral blood supply (aka CVA); 3rd leading cause of death in the U.S.

64
Q

Modifiable Risk Factors of Stroke

A

Smoking, alcohol, weight

65
Q

Unmodifiable Risk Factors of Stroke

A

Genes, age, male

66
Q

2 Types of Strokes

A

Ischemic and Hemorrhagic

67
Q

Ischemic Stroke

A

Death of brain tissue (cerebral infraction) due to inadequate supply of blood and oxygen because of a blockage; incidence = 80%; mortality = 40%

Thrombotic stroke and embolic stroke

68
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Condition characterized by a build up of plaque (lipid material covered with fibrous tissue) embedded in the artery wall.

69
Q

Thrombotic Stroke

A

Blood flow reduction due to atherosclerosis in cerebral blood vessel that eventually occludes it (50% of all strokes)

70
Q

Embolic Stroke

A

Reduction of blood flow when an embolus travels to cerebral artery and forms a plug (30% of all strokes)

71
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke

A

Loss of blood flow when cerebral blood vessel ruptures
Incidence = 20%; mortality = 80%

72
Q

Edema

A

Accumulation of fluid; congestion, flat gyri, narrow sucli

73
Q

Cerebral Aneurysm

A

Dilation or swelling of cerebral blood vessel due to weakness in vessel wall; congenital vascular malformation or hypertension

74
Q

Umbra

A

area of tissue death from CVA (Ischemic core)

75
Q

Penumbra

A

Region surrounding immediate damage; cells survive at least temporarily after stroke

76
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

Altering or modification of neurons, their network, or their function due to experience (or trauma)

77
Q

Regrowth of axons

A

PNS - 1 mm per day
CNS - 1-2 mm max

78
Q

Synkinesis

A

involuntary movement accompanying a voluntary one due to miswiring of nerves following trauma.

79
Q

Collateral Sprouting

A

Newly formed branch by uninjured axon to replace synapses vacated by injured neuron; sometimes useful, sometimes useless.

80
Q

Reorganization of representations

A

E.g. Somatosensory cortex after amputation; visual cortex after blindness

81
Q

Kennard Principle

A

Maxim suggesting that the earlier in life damage occurs, the better the recovery (Margaret Kennard)

82
Q

Extraocular Muscles

A

Six muscles that mediate movement of the eye (plus a seventh that moves the eyelid)

83
Q

Micronystagmus

A

Undetectable movement of the eye.

84
Q

Sclera

A

Tough, outermost coat of the eyeball comprised of densely packed fibers (white of the eye)

85
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent, dome-shaped element covering front of eyeball that refracts (i.e. focuses) light toward posterior eyeball. (~80% of the eye’s optical power)

86
Q

Iris

A

Pigmented muscular membrane that dilates and constricts to regulate amount of light entering through the pupil. (eye color; controlled by autonomic nervous system)

87
Q

Lens

A

elliptical optical element that refracts light towards back of eyeball (20% of optical power)

88
Q

Emetropia

A

Ideal focus of image on back of the eyeball (20/20 vision)

89
Q

Myopia

A

Image focus in the front of the retina

90
Q

Hyperopia

A

Image focus behind the retina

91
Q

Vitreous Humor

A

Maintains Intraocular pressure; holds retina down

92
Q

Retina

A

Photosensitive tissue lining posterior of eyeball consisting of interconnected nerve cells, including photo receptors (rods and cones)

93
Q

Fovea

A

Fixation locus

94
Q

Optic disk

A

Location where ganglion cell axons converge and exit the eyeball (starting the optic nerve); devoid of photoreceptors; aka “blindspot”

95
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Sensory neurons that absorb and transduce light energy into a neutral signal

Rods (100 M) and cones (25 M)!!

96
Q

Photopigments

A

light-absorbing molecule embedded in a membrane disk (rod) or a membrane fold (cone) in the outer segment

4 Types of Photopigments (3 cones and 1 rod)

97
Q

Visible spectrum

A

~400-700 nm

98
Q

Trichromacy vs dichromacy

A

Trichromacy - 3 cones

Dichromacy - 2 cones

99
Q

Light Absorption…

A
  1. Causes physical change in the photopigment
  2. Activates a second messenger (transducin) that closes NA+ channels
  3. Hyper-polarization of membrane potential
  4. Stops release of neurotransmitter
  5. Depolarizes membrane of bipolar cells
  6. Action potential(s) in ganglion cell
100
Q

Optic Nerve

A

Bundle of about 1 million ganglion cell axons that conveys visual signals to receptors of the brain; start of the visual pathway.

101
Q

Optic Chiasm

A

Region where fibers serving nasal retinae cross over; contralateral processing

102
Q

Acromegaly

A

Endocrine disorder in which pituitary gland overproduces the growth hormone; enlarged hands, feet, and facial features, coarse and oily skin, muscle weakness, and painful mobility, skin tags, and excessive sweating.
- e.g. Andre the Giant

Most commonly caused by a benign tumor in the pituitary gland

103
Q

Diplopia

A

Double vision

104
Q

Bitemporal Hemianopia

A

Blindness in outer half of visual fields.

105
Q

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

A

Thalamic structure where ~90% of ganglion axons project

106
Q

Other 10% of visual signals:

A

Super colliculus

Superchiasmatic nucleus
- sleep and body temp; hypothalamus structure

Edinger-Westphal Nucleus
- midbrain cell group mediating pupillary light reflex

107
Q

Primary Visual Cortex

A

Cortex along calcarine fissure that recieves visual input from retina via LGN (aka Area V1 and striate cortex)

108
Q

Retinotropic map

A

Spacial arrangement of cells that corresponds or aligns to retinal cell arrangement.

109
Q

Feature detectors

A

neurons that respond selectively to specific features of a stimulus

110
Q

David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel

A

Presented spots of light to a cat and measured action potentials

Discovered:
- Simple Cells
- Complex Cells

111
Q

Simple cells

A

In primary visual cortex; respond to lines of a particular orientation; arranged in columns

112
Q

Complex cells

A

In primary visual cortex; respond to moving stimuli (lines); specific orientation moving in particular direction

113
Q

Extra striate cortex

A

areas of cortex that process visual signals beyond V1

V3, V4, and V5

114
Q

Visual Agnosia

A

Rare neurological condition in which an individual cannot perceive or recognized some aspect of a visual scene

115
Q

Apperceptive visual agnosia

A

Failure to perceive objects (forms) despite normal acuity; damage to area V3; difficulty distinguishing between apple and strawberry

116
Q

Cerebral Achromatopsia

A

Inability to discriminate different colors (damage to area V4)

117
Q

Akinetopsia

A

Inability to determine velocity or direction of movement; motion agnosia; damage to area V5; e.g. running water looks frozen.

118
Q

Binding problem

A

Problem of how neural activity in separated areas of the brain is combined to create a coherent perception; e.g. rolling yellow ball (form in V3, color in V4, motion in V5) perception happens almost instantly.

119
Q

Kinetosis

A

Transient, deliberating condition characterized by dizziness, vertigo and nausea

Motion Sickness!!

120
Q

Treatments for kinetosis

A

View horizon and anticipate movements

Move to center axis of vehicle

Full stomach?

Antimetics (ACh antagonists, e.g. dimenhydrinate)

121
Q

Vestibular system

A

3 organs: saccule, utricle, and semicircular canals

Adjacent to inner ear that mediate posture, balance, and sense of orientation

122
Q

Otolith Organs

A

2 fluid filled sacs (organs) that register gravity plus vertical (saccule) or horizontal (utricle) movement.

123
Q

Otoliths

A

calcium particles suspended in endolymph - inner ear fluid

124
Q

Macula

A

Patch of receptive tissue

Saccule ~19 K hair cells on the wall (vertical)

Utricle ~ 33 K hair cells on the floor (horizontal)

125
Q

Otolith Organs process (motion sickness)

A
  1. Weight causes endolymph to move as head orientation changes
  2. Movement produces shearing force on cilia
  3. Bending of cilia affects release of neurotransmitters
126
Q

Semicircular canals

A

3 fluid-flled toroidal tubes that lie above the inner ear at right angles to each other and register rotary motion of head

3-coordinate system: roll, pitch (yes), yaw (no)

127
Q

Cupula

A

Tongue shaped gelatinous mass in ampula (spherical arrangement) containing tufts of hair from vestibular nerve

Sways in response to flow of endolymph; affected by inertia of endolymph (like water in a glass)

Capula displacement causes increase or decrease in action potentials

128
Q

Vestibular Nerve

A

Part of vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII) conveying vestibular signal to the brain.

Medulla and cerebellum (no exclusive primary cortex)

129
Q

Oculomotor nucleus

A

Group of midbrain cells that mediate eye movements, relative to head position and movement (Edinger-Westphal Nucleus)

130
Q

Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex (VOR)

A

Reflexive eye movement initiated when the head or body moves to stabilize position of the eyes relative to a target

Compensates for jarring from walking to running to heartbeat and breathing

Vestibular system’s function is to serve visual system in motion!

131
Q

Caloric Reflex Test

A

VOR test for nystagmus (involuntary eye movement) induced by irrigating auditory canal with cold or warm water.

Test integrity of the brain stem and vestibular system in unconscious patient

COWS: cold opposite, warm same

132
Q

Sensory Conflict Theory

A

Periods of unusual passive motion cause disruption of the usual close correspondence between visual system and vestibular system concerning spacial orientation

Vestibular input DOES NOT equal visual input

Result is motion sickness

133
Q

Vomiting Center

A

Cell groups in dorsal-lateral medulla that mediate vomiting reflex

Cerebellum (mismatch between vision and vestibular sense) –> chemoreceptor trigger zone –> vomiting center

Behavioral Neuroscience (1 decks)

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