Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Environmental Ethics > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

optimal pollution level, criteria for deciding

A

Baxter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

lifeboat ethics, tragedy of the commons

A

Hardin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

pond analogy, excess wealth, objections to donating

A

Singer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

signs of condemnation, environmental contenders

A

Appiah

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

justice/compensation, compensation argument, nonidentity argument (collective vs individual)

A

Broome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

sentience, pain/preference

A

Wallace

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

contractarianism, cruelty-kindness view, rights view

A

Regan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

moral rights (agents & recipients), objections, speciesism, considerations

A

Cohen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

species egalitarianism, levels of moral standing, speciesism

A

Schmidtz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Does Baxter value people or penguins more?

A

people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

According to Baxter, with consideration of trade-offs, how much pollution is the optimal amount of pollution?

A

some pollution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Garrett Hardin, in his article on “Lifeboat Ethics”, argues that

A

rich nations have an obligation to not help poor nations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Peter Singer, in his article “The Solution to World Poverty”, argues that:

A

each person should give most of their excess wealth to people suffering from poverty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are Appiah’s four contenders for future condemnation?

A

1) The prison system
2) The environment
3) The institutionalized elderly
4) Industrial meat production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Wallace argues that lobsters are known to exhibit_____, which suggests they experience_______.

A

preference, suffering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which ethical view on direct duties to animals does Regan find the most defensible?

A

the rights view

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cohen’s reasoning for the permissibility of using animals in biomedical research is that they _____.

A

have no rights and can have none

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Species egalitarianism

A

the view that all species have equal moral standing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Schmidtz believes that:

A

all living things, broadly, are deserving of some degree of respect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is Baxter’s view on environmental protection?

A

Instrumental with an anthropocentric worldview, believing that it must be protected because doing so will also benefit humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Baxter’s trade-off

A

in order to have more of one thing, we have to get by with less of something else

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the optimal level of pollution, according to Baxter?

A

some pollution, because no pollution could not be achieved without an unbalanced allocation of resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Spaceship ethics

A

we all share the same place (Earth) and the consequences of one individual’s or group’s actions will effect everyone else

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is Hardin really talking about with his Lifeboat Ethics?

A

people in rich nations, acting in their own best interest, should not give aid to people in poor countries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What ethical theory does Hardin use to justify Lifeboat Ethics?

A

utilitarianism

26
Q

Tragedy of the Commons

A

if one person takes more than their fair share, the system is ruined for everybody

27
Q

What is Hardin’s proposed solution to hunger in poor nations as opposed to opening a worldwide food bank?

A

agricultural education

28
Q

How would rich nations not directly helping poor nations actually benefit them?

A

they are helping to reduce population growth, therefore helping by not helping

29
Q

What reveals a major flaw in the Lifeboat Argument?

A

globalization

30
Q

What is the difference between not helping a drowning child and a starving child somewhere else in the world?

A

nothing but physical distance

31
Q

What is the punishment for not donating additional wealth to starving children overseas?

A

knowing that we are failing to live a morally decent life

32
Q

What ethical theory does Singer use to justify his argument?

A

utilitarianism

33
Q

3 signs that a practice is destined for future condemnation

A

1) Existing arguments against the practice
2) People who defend a practice justify it as “the way things are”
3) Strategic ignorance

34
Q

Compensation argument

A

future generations will likely have a far more damaged environment due to greenhouse gas emissions but greater material wealth than us, so we are already compensating them for damage to be done

35
Q

What are the two gaps in the compensation argument?

A

1) No consideration for impact on individuals
2) An injustice is not necessarily canceled by compensation

36
Q

Nonidentity problem

A

if views on the environment change now, we would lead very different lives that would create different future people than would exist with our current trajectory, and we cannot do injustice to people who would not exist, therefore they cannot claim a right to compensation

37
Q

Zoocentrism

A

belief that moral consideration should be extended to all animals

38
Q

Two main criteria for capacity to suffer

A

1) Having the neurological hardware required for pain-experience

2) Demonstrating behaviors associated with pain

39
Q

What does Regan see as fundamentally wrong in regards to how humans treat animals?

A

the entire system

40
Q

Indirect duty

A

a duty regarding a non-human entity that an agent owes to another human

41
Q

Direct duty

A

a duty regarding a non-human entity that an agent owes to that non-human entity

42
Q

Contractarianism

A

morality consists of rules that individuals agree to abide by, and those who understand & accept the terms are directly covered

43
Q

Moral right

A

a moral claim that one can exercise against another

44
Q

Speciesism

A

the belief that one species (usually humans) has greater moral standing than other species

45
Q

What are the three goods?

A

vegetative, animal, & cognitive goods

46
Q

According to Taylor, what does it mean to say that human goods are the only goods that matter?

A

to pre-suppose an anthropocentric stance

47
Q

What does it mean to have moral standing?

A

to at least command respect

48
Q

Biocentrism

A

all living things have equal moral standing

49
Q

1) Humans are members of Earth’s community of life

2) The human species, and all other species, are integral elements in a system of interdependence

3) All organisms are teleological centers of life (each is a unique individual pursuing its own good in its own way)

4) Humans are not inherently superior to other living beings

A

Taylor’s core biocentric beliefs

50
Q

How is the objective good of a living thing determined?

A

its standpoint (no privileged “speciesist” standpoint)

51
Q

teleological centers of life

A

each organism is uniquely pursuing its own good in its own way

52
Q

all living things as ends in themselves (TCLs), core biocentric beliefs

A

Taylor

53
Q

What are Schmidtz’s two possible responses to Taylor’s biocentric argument?

A

1) Accept that humans are not superior to other living beings, but still deny Taylor’s species egalitarianism conclusion

2) Suggest that humans are inherently superior, but it wouldn’t matter because Taylor’s argument suggests it would be a mistake to ignore the needs of other species

54
Q

What does Schmidtz suggest as an interpretation that humans are not superior to other species, as suggested by Taylor?

A

That we are either inferior or incomparable, but it makes more sense to say we are incomparable because we have a different kind of value than non-humans

55
Q

Vegetative nature

A

nutrition and growth (all living things have this; TCL)

56
Q

Animal nature

A

TCL+ preferences, desires, etc.

57
Q

Cognitive nature

A

TCL++ reasoning, wisdom, understanding

58
Q

“Our coming to see other species as commanding respect is itself a way of
transcending our animal nature…our capacity to see ourselves as equal is
one of the things that makes us different. Thus, our capacity to see ourselves
as equal may be one of the things that makes us superior…” (p. 63)

A

Schmidtz

59
Q

How does Schmidtz justify plant well-being when they are less-than on his scale or morality?

A

1) They are instrumentally valuable
2) Senseless destruction betrays something about you, the destroyer

60
Q

Why does Schmidtz believe we ought to respect nature, in general?

A

our moral duties are to not senselessly destroy beautiful things

Environmental Ethics (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions