Exam 2. Flashcards
Master by October 23rd.
According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, what must one do in order for a child to develop self-control?
Monitor their behavior.
Recognize deviant behavior.
Punish the deviant behavior.
What did Joachim believe was the key to success?
Delaying gratification.
Self-discipline.
Who introduced the neutralization theory?
Sykes and Matza.
What is the neutralization theory?
Delinquents know their behavior is wrong, but they neutralize their sense of shame or guilt through justifications.
What are the 5 neutralizations?
- Denial of Responsibility.
- Denial of Injury.
- Denial of Victim.
- Condemnation of the Condemners.
- Appeal to higher loyaties.
What is the denial of responsibility?
What is the denial of injury?
What is the denial of victim?
What is the condemnation of the condemners?
What is the appeal to higher loyalties?
What is the apple barrel theory?
A rotted apple will cause the other ones around it to rot, especially the ones closest to it.
What are the birds of the same feather flock together theory?
People will associate with others like themselves.
What is the connection between crime and IQ?
Ability to think and act rationally.
Criminals have lower verbal IQ scores.
Poor school performance.
What is temperament?
What is personality?
What are traits?
What is classical conditioning?
What is the reticular activating system (RAS)?
The regulator of the neurological system.
What are augmenters?
What are reducers?
What is psychopathy?
What do biosocial criminologists believe?
Because humans have brains, genes, hormones, and an evolutionary history should be taken into account in the understanding of crime.
What are behavior genetics?
Studies the relative contributions of heredity and environment to behavioral and personality characteristics.
What percentage of the population have the “violence genes”?
1%
What is Gene/Environment Interaction (GxE)
Involves the notion that people are differentially sensitive to identical environmental influences.
What is Gene/Environment Correlation (rGE)?
Genotypes and the environments they find themselves in are related.
What is passive rGE?
Biological parents provide genes for certain traits and an environment favorable for their expression.
Ex: Intelligence and an environment where intellectual behavior is modeled and reinforced.
What is evocative rGE?
The way others react to an individual based on their ‘evocative” behavior.
Ex: kind vs. ill-mannered children.
What is active rGE?
Actively seeking environments compatible with our genetic dispositions.
T/F: Genetic effects are more pronounced among chronic offenders who begin offending prior to puberty and continue to do so across the life course.
True.
What is neuroscience?
Our experiences shape the patterns of our neuronal connections and our ability to successfully navigate our lives.
What are neurons?
What is the reward dominance theory?
What is the behavioral activating system (BAS)?
What is behavioral inhibition system (BIS)?
What are neurotransmitters?
How impact does the flight/fight system (FFS) have?
It is regulated by adrenaline.
A weak FFS increases the risk of antisocial behavior.
What is prefrontal dysfunction theory?
If the prefrontal cortex is damaged, it can increase the likelihood of antisocial behavior.
What does the prefrontal cortex (PFC) do?
Regulates the executive functions of our brain, such as our moral judgement; ability to plan, analyze. (FINISH DEFINITION)
T/F High testosterone can increase criminality among males of low socioeconomic status.
True.
What are the main concepts of feminist criminology?
