exam 2 Flashcards
What type of sensory receptor adapts slowly and transmit information for as long as several days?
tonic receptors
mechanoreceptors do
detect deformation/ stretch, pressure, proprioception
thermoreceptors do
change in temp
nocicoreceptors do
detect damage/ pain
electromagnetic receptors
light/ rods and cones
chemoreceptors
chemical change
On which transmission pathway would the sensation of vibration travel?
Dorsal column-medial leminiscal system
an area of skin supplied by sensory neurons
dermatome
What is the excitatory neurotransmitter in the paleospinothalmic tract?
substance p
what is the function of the lateral geniculate nucleus?
to control the information relayed to the primary visual cortex
In the ear, what serves to create action potentials in response to sound vibrations?
hair cells in the Organ of Corti
Which papillae on the tongue do not contain taste buds?
filiform papillae
most sensitive to taste sensation
bitter
Where are the oderant binding protein receptors located in the nostril?
cilia of olfactory cells
Water soluble hormones have their receptors located in/on:
the cell membrane
The most common type of feedback loop for hormone control is:
negative feedback loop
The posterior pituitary does NOT make hormones.
true
Stimulates secretion of TSH
TRH
Stimulates secretion of FSH and LH
gNrh
Stimulates secretion of ACTH
CRH
stimulates secretion of growth hormone (GH)
ghrh
inhibits secretion of growth hormone (GH)
GHIH
What triggers the release of Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH)?
High IGF-1 levels perceived by the hypothalamus
promotes intestinal absorption of calcium
VITAMIN D
increases plasma calcium
PARATHYROID HORMONE
Decreases plasma calcium
CALCITONIN
inhibits differentiation(maturation) of preosteoclasts, reducing bone resorption
osteoprotegerin (OPG)
Aldosterone secretion does NOT require ACTH from the anterior pituitary.
FALSE. IT DOES
Serum levels of what substance can be used to monitor endogenous insulin production?
C PEPTIDE
What cell type is a precursor to erythrocytes?
reticulocyte
if the erythrocyte count is low, what hormone stimulates production of proerythroblasts from stem cells?
erythropoietin
Iron is stored in what protein molecule in the body?
ferritin
Erythrocytes do not have a nucleus and therefore are not able to reproduce via cell division
true
A person with AB blood type (AB surface antigens) will also have which agglutinuns (immunoglobulins) present
none
Which rhesus antigen is the type which is most antigenic (causes the most reactions)?
D
What is the mechanism of action of heparin?
binds to antithrombin III
The end result of both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways lead to generation of what substance?
prothrombin activator
Clotting via the intrinsic pathway is rapid and explosive, occuring within seconds
FALSE
In the negative feedback mechanism for clotting, what substance binds with remaining thrombin which is not localized to the clot to inactivate it?
antithrombin III
Granulocytes include:
neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
The ability of white blood cells to change shape in order to get to a site of injury or inflammation
Diapedesis
The process by which antibodies immunologically mark a target for phagocystosis is known as:
opsonization
Which of the following processes is a part of the inflammatory response?
SWELLING OF TISSUE CELLS
the molecular structure that is specifically recognized in acquired immunity
EPITOPE
Some developing B cells will go on to form plasma cells, which secrete antibodies. Other developing B cells will go on to form:
Memory cells
What type of antibody is involved in allergic reactions?
igE
What type of antibody is the earliest produced in response to an antigen?
IgM
cells which can directly attack microorganisms
Cytotoxic t cells
The complement system functions to enhance the immune response. Fragments C3a, C4a, and C5a activate what type(s) of cells to cause them to release inflammatory substances?
mast cells and basophils
which virus causes a rash in associated dermatome
varicella zoster
4 ways receptors can be stimulated
mechanical deformation
chemical change
electric change
temperature change
Continue to transmit impulses to brain for long periods of time while stimulus is present
tonic receptors
responds only when change has taken place
important for balance and movement
rate/ phasic receptors
Meissner corpuscles
Location: non-hairy skin close to surface (fingertips, lips, eyelids, nipples, and external genitalia)
Function: motion detection, grip control
Stimuli: skin motion, low frequency vibration
Adaptation: rapid adaptation
Merkel discs
Location: tip of epidermal ridges
Function: form and texture perception
Stimuli: edges, points, corners, curvature
Adaptation: slow adaptation
Pacinian corpuscle
Location: dermis and deeper tissues
Function: perception of distant events through transmitted vibrations; tool use
Stimuli: vibration
Adaptation: very rapid adaptation
free nerve endings myelinated respond to
pain and temp
free nerve endings unmyelinated respond to
pain, temp, itch
Contains smaller myelinated and unmyelinated fibers for slow transmission
Anterolateral System
Low degree of spatial orientation
Anterolateral System
Transmits a broad spectrum of modalities
Anterolateral System
Pain, thermal sensations, crude touch and pressure, tickle and itch, sexual sensations
Anterolateral System
Contains large myelinated nerve fibers
Dorsal Column-MedialLemniscal System
High degree of spatial orientation maintained throughout the tract
Dorsal Column-MedialLemniscal System
Transmits information rapidly and with a high degree of spatial fidelity (i.e., discrete types of mechanoreceptor information)
Dorsal Column-MedialLemniscal System
Transmits touch, vibration, position, fine pressure
Dorsal Column-MedialLemniscal System
(unilateral neglect, hemispatial neglect or spatial neglect): patients are unaware of items to one side of space
hemineglect
inability to recognize objects by touch
Astereognosis
a disorientation of the skin’s sensation across its space (e.g., hard to identify a number or letter traced on the hand)
Agraphesthesia
loss in the Somatosensory Association Area
inability to recognize complex objects
neglect of contralateral world and even refusal to acknowledge ownership of contralateral body
deflection of light rays to change their angle as the pass onto the retina, which is necessary for the formation of a focused image.
refraction
dynamic changes in the refractive power of the lens, which is achieved by modifying the shape of the lens
accomodation
for nearby objects the lens does what
lens becomes thicker
what does dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus do
Relay information to primary visual cortex via optic radiation
“Gate control” of information to primary visual cortex
what movements rotate the eyes
Superior and inferior obliques
what movements move the eyes side to side
medial and lateral
move eyes up and down.
Superior and inferior recti
which papillae are taste buds found
Circumvallate papillae, Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
how is smell transferred
Binding of chemical odorant to receptor induces the G-protein transduced formation of cAMP which opens sodium channels
where are steroid receptors located (lipid soluble)
cell cytoplasm
where are protein/peptide receptors located (water soluble)
in or on the surface of cell
where are thyroid receptors located
in the cell nucleus
posterior pituitary hormones 2
oxytocin and ADH
CONTROL OF ADH STEPS
Water deficit
increase extracellular osmolarity
increase ADH secretion
increase plasma ADH
increase h2o permeability in collecting ducts
increase water reabsorption
decrease h20 excreted
if you have enough T3 and T4…
You will turn off the production of TRH and TSH
In hyperthyroid
high T3 T4, low TSH
High aldosterone
hypokalemia
Muscle weakness
Slow HR, arrhythmias
Cell alkalosis
In hypothyroid
low T3 T4, high TSH
low aldosterone
hyperkalemia
Increased muscle excitability (early on)
Arrhythmias, ventricular fibrillation
Cell acidosis
what peptide measures insulin
c peptide
stores/releases glucose
liver
increased by glucose, returns glucose to normal
insulin
increased by low glucose, returns glucose to normal
glucagon
stimulates sympathetic nerve increase in epinephrine to increase glucose from the liver
hypoglycemia
increases growth hormone/cortisol, promotes fat utilization, decreased glucose utilization
hyperglycemia
O blood type
agglutinins : anti A and anti B
A blood type
agglutinogens: A
agglutinins: anti B
B
agglutinins: anti A
agglutinogens: B
AB
agglutinins: NONE
agglutinogens: AB
5 STEPS of hemostasis for a clot
- severed vessel
- platelets agglutinate
- fibrin appears
- fibrin clot forms
- clot retraction occurs
extrinsic pathway
Release of tissue factor (aka tissue thromboplastin)
Activation of factor X
Factor VII combines with tissue factor to form factor VIIa
Factor VIIa combines with Ca2+ to form activated factor X (Xa)
Factor Xa combines with factor V to form prothrombin activator
explosive
intrinsic pathway
Blood trauma causes activation of factor XII and release of platelet phospholipids
Activation of factor XI
Activation of factor IX
Activation of factor X
Activated by both factor IXa and factor VIII
Factor Xa combines with factor V to form prothrombin activator (same as last step of extrinsic pathway)
Multiple large particles are bound together in a clump (bacteria)
Agglutination
Molecular complex of the antigen and the antibody becomes so large it’s insoluble and precipitates (tetanus toxoid)
Precipitation
Antibodies cover the toxic sites of the antigenic agent
neutralization
Some potent antibodies are occasionally capable of directly attacking membranes of cellular agents, causing rupture of the agent
lysis
important factor to look for in a patient when suspicious of anemia
reticulocyte
Transmits touch, vibration, position, fine pressure
dorsal column
Pain, thermal sensations, crude touch and pressure, tickle and itch, sexual sensations
anterolateral
