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DNP: PHYSIOLOGY > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of sensory receptor adapts slowly and transmit information for as long as several days?

A

tonic receptors

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2
Q

mechanoreceptors do

A

detect deformation/ stretch, pressure, proprioception

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3
Q

thermoreceptors do

A

change in temp

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4
Q

nocicoreceptors do

A

detect damage/ pain

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5
Q

electromagnetic receptors

A

light/ rods and cones

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6
Q

chemoreceptors

A

chemical change

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7
Q

On which transmission pathway would the sensation of vibration travel?

A

Dorsal column-medial leminiscal system

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8
Q

an area of skin supplied by sensory neurons

A

dermatome

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9
Q

What is the excitatory neurotransmitter in the paleospinothalmic tract?

A

substance p

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10
Q

what is the function of the lateral geniculate nucleus?

A

to control the information relayed to the primary visual cortex

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11
Q

In the ear, what serves to create action potentials in response to sound vibrations?

A

hair cells in the Organ of Corti

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12
Q

Which papillae on the tongue do not contain taste buds?

A

filiform papillae

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13
Q

most sensitive to taste sensation

A

bitter

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14
Q

Where are the oderant binding protein receptors located in the nostril?

A

cilia of olfactory cells

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15
Q

Water soluble hormones have their receptors located in/on:

A

the cell membrane

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16
Q

The most common type of feedback loop for hormone control is:

A

negative feedback loop

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17
Q

The posterior pituitary does NOT make hormones.

A

true

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18
Q

Stimulates secretion of TSH

A

TRH

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19
Q

Stimulates secretion of FSH and LH

A

gNrh

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20
Q

Stimulates secretion of ACTH

A

CRH

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21
Q

stimulates secretion of growth hormone (GH)

A

ghrh

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21
Q

inhibits secretion of growth hormone (GH)

A

GHIH

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21
Q

What triggers the release of Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH)?

A

High IGF-1 levels perceived by the hypothalamus

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22
Q

promotes intestinal absorption of calcium

A

VITAMIN D

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22
Q

increases plasma calcium

A

PARATHYROID HORMONE

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23
Q

Decreases plasma calcium

A

CALCITONIN

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24
Q

inhibits differentiation(maturation) of preosteoclasts, reducing bone resorption

A

osteoprotegerin (OPG)

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25
Q

Aldosterone secretion does NOT require ACTH from the anterior pituitary.

A

FALSE. IT DOES

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26
Q

Serum levels of what substance can be used to monitor endogenous insulin production?

A

C PEPTIDE

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27
Q

What cell type is a precursor to erythrocytes?

A

reticulocyte

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28
Q

if the erythrocyte count is low, what hormone stimulates production of proerythroblasts from stem cells?

A

erythropoietin

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29
Q

Iron is stored in what protein molecule in the body?

A

ferritin

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30
Q

Erythrocytes do not have a nucleus and therefore are not able to reproduce via cell division

A

true

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31
Q

A person with AB blood type (AB surface antigens) will also have which agglutinuns (immunoglobulins) present

A

none

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32
Q

Which rhesus antigen is the type which is most antigenic (causes the most reactions)?

A

D

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33
Q

What is the mechanism of action of heparin?

A

binds to antithrombin III

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34
Q

The end result of both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways lead to generation of what substance?

A

prothrombin activator

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35
Q

Clotting via the intrinsic pathway is rapid and explosive, occuring within seconds

A

FALSE

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36
Q

In the negative feedback mechanism for clotting, what substance binds with remaining thrombin which is not localized to the clot to inactivate it?

A

antithrombin III

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37
Q

Granulocytes include:

A

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

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38
Q

The ability of white blood cells to change shape in order to get to a site of injury or inflammation

A

Diapedesis

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39
Q

The process by which antibodies immunologically mark a target for phagocystosis is known as:

A

opsonization

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40
Q

Which of the following processes is a part of the inflammatory response?

A

SWELLING OF TISSUE CELLS

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41
Q

the molecular structure that is specifically recognized in acquired immunity

A

EPITOPE

42
Q

Some developing B cells will go on to form plasma cells, which secrete antibodies. Other developing B cells will go on to form:

A

Memory cells

43
Q

What type of antibody is involved in allergic reactions?

A

igE

44
Q

What type of antibody is the earliest produced in response to an antigen?

A

IgM

45
Q

cells which can directly attack microorganisms

A

Cytotoxic t cells

46
Q

The complement system functions to enhance the immune response. Fragments C3a, C4a, and C5a activate what type(s) of cells to cause them to release inflammatory substances?

A

mast cells and basophils

47
Q

which virus causes a rash in associated dermatome

A

varicella zoster

48
Q

4 ways receptors can be stimulated

A

mechanical deformation
chemical change
electric change
temperature change

49
Q

Continue to transmit impulses to brain for long periods of time while stimulus is present

A

tonic receptors

50
Q

responds only when change has taken place
important for balance and movement

A

rate/ phasic receptors

51
Q

Meissner corpuscles

A

Location: non-hairy skin close to surface (fingertips, lips, eyelids, nipples, and external genitalia)
Function: motion detection, grip control
Stimuli: skin motion, low frequency vibration
Adaptation: rapid adaptation

52
Q

Merkel discs

A

Location: tip of epidermal ridges
Function: form and texture perception
Stimuli: edges, points, corners, curvature
Adaptation: slow adaptation

53
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

Location: dermis and deeper tissues
Function: perception of distant events through transmitted vibrations; tool use
Stimuli: vibration
Adaptation: very rapid adaptation

54
Q

free nerve endings myelinated respond to

A

pain and temp

55
Q

free nerve endings unmyelinated respond to

A

pain, temp, itch

56
Q

Contains smaller myelinated and unmyelinated fibers for slow transmission

A

Anterolateral System

57
Q

Low degree of spatial orientation

A

Anterolateral System

58
Q

Transmits a broad spectrum of modalities

A

Anterolateral System

59
Q

Pain, thermal sensations, crude touch and pressure, tickle and itch, sexual sensations

A

Anterolateral System

60
Q

Contains large myelinated nerve fibers

A

Dorsal Column-MedialLemniscal System

61
Q

High degree of spatial orientation maintained throughout the tract

A

Dorsal Column-MedialLemniscal System

62
Q

Transmits information rapidly and with a high degree of spatial fidelity (i.e., discrete types of mechanoreceptor information)

A

Dorsal Column-MedialLemniscal System

63
Q

Transmits touch, vibration, position, fine pressure

A

Dorsal Column-MedialLemniscal System

64
Q

(unilateral neglect, hemispatial neglect or spatial neglect): patients are unaware of items to one side of space

A

hemineglect

65
Q

inability to recognize objects by touch

A

Astereognosis

66
Q

a disorientation of the skin’s sensation across its space (e.g., hard to identify a number or letter traced on the hand)

A

Agraphesthesia

67
Q

loss in the Somatosensory Association Area

A

inability to recognize complex objects
neglect of contralateral world and even refusal to acknowledge ownership of contralateral body

68
Q

deflection of light rays to change their angle as the pass onto the retina, which is necessary for the formation of a focused image.

A

refraction

69
Q

dynamic changes in the refractive power of the lens, which is achieved by modifying the shape of the lens

A

accomodation

70
Q

for nearby objects the lens does what

A

lens becomes thicker

71
Q

what does dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus do

A

Relay information to primary visual cortex via optic radiation
“Gate control” of information to primary visual cortex

72
Q

what movements rotate the eyes

A

Superior and inferior obliques

73
Q

what movements move the eyes side to side

A

medial and lateral

74
Q

move eyes up and down.

A

Superior and inferior recti

75
Q

which papillae are taste buds found

A

Circumvallate papillae, Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae

76
Q

how is smell transferred

A

Binding of chemical odorant to receptor induces the G-protein transduced formation of cAMP which opens sodium channels

77
Q

where are steroid receptors located (lipid soluble)

A

cell cytoplasm

78
Q

where are protein/peptide receptors located (water soluble)

A

in or on the surface of cell

79
Q

where are thyroid receptors located

A

in the cell nucleus

80
Q

posterior pituitary hormones 2

A

oxytocin and ADH

81
Q

CONTROL OF ADH STEPS

A

Water deficit
increase extracellular osmolarity
increase ADH secretion
increase plasma ADH
increase h2o permeability in collecting ducts
increase water reabsorption
decrease h20 excreted

82
Q

if you have enough T3 and T4…

A

You will turn off the production of TRH and TSH

83
Q

In hyperthyroid

A

high T3 T4, low TSH

84
Q

High aldosterone

A

hypokalemia
Muscle weakness
Slow HR, arrhythmias
Cell alkalosis

85
Q

In hypothyroid

A

low T3 T4, high TSH

86
Q

low aldosterone

A

hyperkalemia
Increased muscle excitability (early on)
Arrhythmias, ventricular fibrillation
Cell acidosis

87
Q

what peptide measures insulin

A

c peptide

88
Q

stores/releases glucose

A

liver

89
Q

increased by glucose, returns glucose to normal

A

insulin

90
Q

increased by low glucose, returns glucose to normal

A

glucagon

91
Q

stimulates sympathetic nerve increase in epinephrine to increase glucose from the liver

A

hypoglycemia

92
Q

increases growth hormone/cortisol, promotes fat utilization, decreased glucose utilization

A

hyperglycemia

93
Q

O blood type

A

agglutinins : anti A and anti B

94
Q

A blood type

A

agglutinogens: A
agglutinins: anti B

95
Q

B

A

agglutinins: anti A
agglutinogens: B

96
Q

AB

A

agglutinins: NONE
agglutinogens: AB

97
Q

5 STEPS of hemostasis for a clot

A
  1. severed vessel
  2. platelets agglutinate
  3. fibrin appears
  4. fibrin clot forms
  5. clot retraction occurs
98
Q

extrinsic pathway

A

Release of tissue factor (aka tissue thromboplastin)
Activation of factor X
Factor VII combines with tissue factor to form factor VIIa
Factor VIIa combines with Ca2+ to form activated factor X (Xa)
Factor Xa combines with factor V to form prothrombin activator

explosive

99
Q

intrinsic pathway

A

Blood trauma causes activation of factor XII and release of platelet phospholipids
Activation of factor XI
Activation of factor IX
Activation of factor X
Activated by both factor IXa and factor VIII
Factor Xa combines with factor V to form prothrombin activator (same as last step of extrinsic pathway)

100
Q

Multiple large particles are bound together in a clump (bacteria)

A

Agglutination

101
Q

Molecular complex of the antigen and the antibody becomes so large it’s insoluble and precipitates (tetanus toxoid)

A

Precipitation

102
Q

Antibodies cover the toxic sites of the antigenic agent

A

neutralization

103
Q

Some potent antibodies are occasionally capable of directly attacking membranes of cellular agents, causing rupture of the agent

A

lysis

104
Q

important factor to look for in a patient when suspicious of anemia

A

reticulocyte

105
Q

Transmits touch, vibration, position, fine pressure

A

dorsal column

106
Q

Pain, thermal sensations, crude touch and pressure, tickle and itch, sexual sensations

A

anterolateral

DNP: PHYSIOLOGY (1 decks)

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