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criminal justice > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

American policing, with uniformed officers in a quasi-military organization structure was primarily established with borrowed ideas from which already-established police force?

A

England

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2
Q

The first organized police agencies in the United States with full-time officers developed in cities with large numbers of slaves where white owners feared slave uprisings. True of False

A

True

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3
Q

The political ear of American policing from 1840-1920, was armed by close ties between police and which of the following?

A

Politicians

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4
Q

Which ear of American policing from 1920-1970. was interested in getting the police out of politics and developing a trained disciplined, organized police force that is focused on fighting crime?

A

Professional Era

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5
Q

Which era of American policing that began about 1970 prioritized police-citizen relationships and encouraged increased use of foot and bicycle patrol ad problem-oriented policing?

A

Community Policing Era

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6
Q

Professional police organizations like the international Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) and the Fraternal Order of Police (FOP) were established in the spirit of which era of American Policing?

A

Professional Era

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7
Q

Policing in the United States is currently considered to be in a community-policing era. (true or false)

A

True

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8
Q

The majority of sworn police officers are employed by state and local police agencies. True of False

A

True

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9
Q

The majority of sworn police officers are employed by federal agencies. True or False

A

False

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10
Q

What is not a reason individuals are attracted to the policing profession?

A

Low job stress

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11
Q

What is the process through which a new police officer learns the norms and values of the police force?

A

Socialization

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12
Q

What are the symbols, beliefs and values and attitudes shared by a group?

A

Subculture

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13
Q

Subcultures are static - meaning the symbols, beliefs, values and attitudes do not change over time as new members join and the surrounding environment changes. True or False

A

False

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14
Q

Subcultures are dynamic - meaning the symbols, beliefs, values and attitudes may change over time as new members join and the surrounding environment changes. True or false

A

True

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15
Q

Police subcultures are dynamic and easy to change. True or False

A

False

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16
Q

Police officers tend to socialize with other officers and their families. True or False

A

True

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17
Q

What are the primary functions of the police and what isnt?

A

Primary functions are law enforcement, order maintenance and service. Law creation is not one of the primary functions.

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18
Q

How do police perform the function of oder maintenance?

A

Disrupting two youth gangs lollygagging at a park

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19
Q

How do police perform the function of law enforcement?

A

Apprehending an individual with an active arrest warrant

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20
Q

How police perform the function of service?

A

Assisting a cat stuck in a tree

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21
Q

Which style of policing policy stresses order maintenance?

A

Watchman

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22
Q

Which of the style of policing policy stresses professionalism and law enforcement?

A

Legalistic

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23
Q

When a police officer is in a legally-permitted location, like a public place or in an individuals home after gaining consent and notices incriminating evidence they are able to use that information in their investigation. True or False

A

True

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24
Q

What allows officers to notice and use evidence visible to them when in a permitted location ?

A

Plain view doctrine

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25
An arrest is an example of what?
Seizure
26
What is considered a brief interruption to ones freedom of movement by law enforcement and typically less than an hour?
Stop
27
Whichis needed before a stop can be made by law enforcement?
Reasonable suspicion
28
What is needed before an arrest can be made by law enforcement?
Probable cause
29
Police always need a warrant before conducting a search. True or False
False
30
Police are permitted to search all individuals passing through certain contexts for a specific objective. True or False
True
31
Police are required to notify individuals of their right to refuse a search when police ask without a warrant. True or False
False
32
An officer that asks to step inside ones house or look in ones backpack has asked to perform which type of warrantless search?
Search by consent
33
Following an arrest, an individual may be subject to additional searches that do not require a warrant, like strip searches and body cavity inspections when placed in jail. True or False
True
34
Once an accused person is in police custody they must be notified of their right to counsel. True or False
True
35
What is thought to protect the accused from improper searches by law enforcement because it prohibits the evidence collected illegally from being used in court?
Exclusionary rule
36
Which amendment protects individuals from unreasonable search and seizures during police investigation?
Fourth amendment
37
Which amendment protects individuals from self incrimination during police questioning?
Fifth amendment
38
Strong police-citizen relationships are important because police rely on the public for information about criminal activity. True or False
True
39
The majority of people that interact with the police report the officer acted properly. True of false
True
40
The majority of sworn police officers are which type?
Patrol officers
41
The highest percentage of face to face interactions between citizens and police occurs in which context?
During a patrol stop
42
The decisions police make in routine police work may be shaped by relationships to citizen they interact with the nature of the crime and departmental policy amongst other factors. true or false
true
43
Police are permitted to use force when necessary. true or false
true
44
Police frequently use force of extreme severity. true or false
false
45
Police are permitted to use excessive force
false
46
This type of corrupted police officer takes payoff in the course of routine police work?
Grass eater
47
This type of corrupted police officer actively uses their power for personal gain?
Meat eater
48
Which mechanisms to control police is located within police agencies and requires one or more officers to review and investigate complaints against fellow officers?
Internal affairs unit
49
Which mechanisms to control police operates outside of police agencies and allows community members to review the police process for reviewing and investigating citizen complaints?
civilian review boards
50
What is considered a basic measure of police performance and is the percentage of crime known to police that they believe they have solved by arrest?
Clearance rate
51
Clearance rates vary by offense type. Four example , the clearance rate for homicide be higher than the clearance rate for non-violent crime. True or false
True
52
Which type of criminal court process used in the American state and federal court systems has the prosecution and defense attorney present evidence, challenge each others evidence and try to persuade the jury or judge of guilt or lack thereof while the judge oversees the rules of trial and acts as a referee?
Adversarial
53
Most criminal cases are brought in state court systems
True
54
Which of the following actors is not a key decision-maker in the court process?
Bailiff
55
Most criminal cases are brought in the federal system
False
56
Most of a judges time is spent presiding over criminal trials. True or false
false
57
What is not the responsibility of the judge?
Presenting evidence
58
Suppose a judge orders a noisy courtroom to quiet after a controversial verdict is read, the judge is performing their function of what?
Administrator
59
Suppose a judge rules on a motion made by the prosecution or defense attorney, the judge is performing their function as which?
Adjudicator
60
Suppose a judge moderates discussions in their private chambers or actively pursues a plea negotiation, the judge is performing their function as which?
Negotiator
61
Which of the following court actors serves as the lawyer for the government and pursues charges against the accused?
Prosecution
62
In some cases the prosecution may need to present evidence to a grand jury before brining charges. True or false
True
63
Which of the following court actors serves as the lawyer for the accused?
Defense attorney
64
Judges require more education than prosecution or defense lawyers. True or false
False
65
Judges, prosecutors, defense attorneys are lawyers. True or false
True
66
An "indigent: defendant is best defined as which of the following
one that does not have funds for counsel
67
At which point in the criminal procedure are charges formally read to the accused and the accused enters a plea of guilty or not guilty?
Arraignment
68
Which of the following is the mechanism through which prosecutors or defense attorneys make a request to the judge?
Motion
69
What is the mechanism through the accused may be released from jail during the pretrial process and requires a sum of money or property be held the court and forfeited by the accused if they fail to appear at their court date?
Bail
70
One concern regarding the bail system is that. certain type of accused person may be pressured into a guilty plea and conviction in order to leave jail on probation because they cannot leave jail by posting the set bail amount. Most likely type of accused person?
Indigent (poor)
71
Which is the mechanism through which the judge may hold the accused in jail during the pretrial process if they determined the accused person would be a threat to the community?
preventative detention
72
Most criminal cases result in a jury or bench trial. True or false
false
72
Most defendants are detained without bail in preventative detention. True or false
False
73
Most criminal cases result in a plea bargain. True or false
True
74
The accused has a right to counsel during plea negotiations. true or false
true
75
In criminal court, pleading guilty results in a guilty conviction record that reflects that conviction. True or false
true
76
in a criminal court, for a jury to reach a verdict, the vote must be unanimous. True or false
true
77
In a criminal court, for a jury to reach a verdict, the jury must reach a majority vote. True or false
false
78
what refers to when a jury does not come to a unanimous decision?
hung jury
79
what is the first step of the criminal trial process?
Jury selection
80
Which actor in the criminal trial process has the burden of proving their case beyond a reasonable doubt?
prosecution
81
In some cases the defense rests their case without presenting evidence and argues the prosecution did not meet the burden of proof, beyond a reasonable doubt. True or false
true

criminal justice (3 decks)

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