exam 2 Flashcards
camplobactor and helicobacter
- Gram-negative ‘curvy’ organisms
- Campylobacter – curved, comma or “seagull” shaped
- Helicobacter – long spiral shaped “corkscrew” shaped
-challenging to grow
-BCL 2
natural host habitat of camplyobacter and helicobactor
- Both genera are animal associated
- Campylobacter
- Intestinal tract (many species – birds and mammals)
- Reproductive mucosa and gall bladder of cattle (C. fetus)
- Helicobacter
- Stomach and gastrointestinal tracts of mammals and birds
- About 50% of us have H. pylori in our stomachs
- Campylobacter jejuni virulence
- Flagella – important for motility
- Outer membrane adhesion proteins – adhesion
- Superoxide dismutase and catalase – intracellular survival
- Cytolethal-distending toxin – cell death
Campylobacter. fetus subsp venerealis bovine
-bovine causes vibrosis
-symptoms:* Silent carriage
* Temporary infertility
* Early embryonic death
* Abortions – rarely exceeds 10%
* Disease typically occurs when cows exposed for the first time
* Organism ascends from vagina to cause intrauterine infection
* Venereal transmission (natural or AI)
* Cows naturally clear infection
* Vaccination plays role
C. fetus subsp venerealis Vibriosis
Campylobacter. fetus subsp fetus sheep/ goats
Vibrosis
* Abortion in final 6 weeks of pregnancy in ewes
* May also see pyrexia and vaginal discharge
* Can also cause abortions in cattle
* Transmitted through ingestion
* Travels to gall bladder and pregnant uterus
* Highly contagious within a herd/flock
* Incubation period is 7-25 days
* Control abortion outbreaks with antimicrobials
* Vaccination plays role
-hepatic necrosis can be seen in fetus
C. fetus subsp fetus zoonosis
- Reported human pathology includes
- Septic abortions
- Proctitis and proctocolitis
- Sepsis
- May be related to contact with animals
- Possibly eating raw food
camplybacter. jejuni subsp jejuni humans
- Common cause of gastroenteritis, self limiting 5-10 days.
- Infection by ingestion
- Unpasteurized dairy
- Contaminated water
- Poultry products
- Very low infectious dose (<500 organisms)
- 1 drop of raw chicken juice can make you sick
-can lead to guillain Barre syndrome (rare)
Guillain-Barré
Syndrome
-C. jejuni subsp jejun
Rare sequelae (<1/1000 cases) following campylobacteriosis
* GBS is an acute demyelinating disease of the peripheral nerves
* Begins with weakness and tingling in extremities
* Can become systemic resulting in paralysis
* No known cure, but most people ultimately recover
* 20-40% of people with GBS were infected with Campy in the
last 3 weeks
Helicobacter spp.
-nobel prize for H. pylori being infectious agent of stomach ulcers.
-gastroenteritis in host animal. positive result can be in healthy animals.
-in dogs signs may be: vomiting, weight loss.
H pylori in cats, H. canis in dogs, cats and people.
Campylobacter and haemophilus resistance
-resistant to to trimetheprin, frisidic acid, streptogramins,
BRACHYSPIRA AND
LAWSONIA morph
- BCL 2
-gram neg swigly lines - Lawsonia intracellularis:
- Obligate intracellular parasite
- Can’t be grown outside of cell culture
- Brachyspira spp.
- Aerotolerant anaerobe
- Do not typically form colonies
- Challenging to grow
Brachyspira and Lawsonia host habitat
- Lawsonia intracellularis
- This is an obligate intracellular organism
- Lives in the enterocytes of hosts
- Brachyspira spp.
- Found in the gastrointestinal tract of many species
- Domestic and wild birds
Virulence Factors Brachyspira and Lawsonia
- Lawsonia intracellularis: Type 3 secretion systems
- Brachyspira spp:
- Flagella – motility
- Chemotaxis (attracted to mucous)
- Hemolysins?
-do not freeze samples
Lawsonia intracellularis pigs
- Cause of proliferative enteritis (ileitis) - CORUGATION of mucosa is unifying lesion
- Multiple forms of disease recognized
- Intestinal adenomatosis: Hyperplasia of crypt epithelium
- Necrotic enteritis: Chronic disease with mucosal necrosis
- Regional ileitis: Chronis disease with thickening of muscularis layer of ileum
- Proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy: Can resemble swine dysentery
Lawsonia intracellularis horsees
-causes proliferative enteropathy
-young weaning foals 4-6 months
-weight loss, diarrhea, colotis
-fecal oral transmission
-can have granulatamous proliferative enteritis
Lawsonia intracellularis
hampters
- Cause of “wet tail” in hamsters, clinical signs include
- Diarrhea, dehydration
- Anorexia
- Death
- Can have devastating outbreaks in large colonies
- Most often affects weanlings (3-8 weeks)
- Treat with antimicrobials and aggressive rehydration
- Isolate affected animals
swine dysentery
-caused by brachyspira (B. hyodysenteriae &
B. hampsonii)
-in NA since late 2000
* Clinical signs include
* Diarrhea (#1) (mild and watery to muco-hemorrhagic)
* Inappetence
* Pyrexia
* Mortality in peracutely affected animals
* Most commonly seen in older pigs (grower finisher)
-incubation period 3-7days
B. hyodysenteriae
B. hampsonii
-causes swine dysentery
* Classically caused by B. hyodysenteriae
* Novel species have emerged over the last decade
* B. hampsonii – now very common in W. Canada
* Anecdotally the disease associated with B. hampsonii is less
severe than that associated with B. hyodysenteriae
* How to control the disease is a bit of a mystery
* Unclear exactly where it comes from (carriers, wildlife???)
* Antimicrobials in affected herds
* No effective vaccines available
brachyspira. pilosicoli pigs
-causes Spirochetal Colitis (less severe than swine dysentry)
* In finishing pigs: “Wet cement” feces without blood
* In younger animals may see more severe diarrhea (watery or mucoid
-usually self limiting
* Poor feed efficiency is a major concern with this disease.
-use antimicrobials, good manegement
Brachyspira spp. poultry
- Domestic poultry species have been reported
to be affected by a variety of Brachyspira spp. - B. alvinipulli
- Associated with wet feces → diarrhea, green-yellow
frothy cecal fluid - B. pilosicoli
- Colonization of cecum associated with mucosal
thickening - B. hyodysenteriae
- Severe, necrotizing typhlitis in juvenile rheas (related to
ostriches and emus)
Brachyspira spp humans
- Intestinal spirochetosis
- Brachyspira pilosicoli and aalborgi
- In developing countries colonization with
Brachyspira common (~30
Treponema spp. bovine
-causes digital dermatitis
* Likely a polymicrobial infection of the bovine foot
* Can present with proliferative (hairy heal warts) or
erosive lesions
* Suggests there may be a management problem
* Cattle standing in wet
* Topical (washing) for early lesions
* Topical antibiotics if more severe
* Oxytetracycline or lincomycin/spectinomycin
Brachyspira and Lawsonia treatment
- Lawsonia:
- Susceptibility testing impossible (obligate intracellular parasite)
- Penicillins, bacitracin, aminoglycosides, virginiamycin and the ionophores DONT WORK
- Therapy relies on macrolides/pleuromutilins
- Brachyspira:
- In pigs, treatment relies heavily on pleuromutilins and macrolides
- Lack standardized methods
leptospira characteristics
- Biocontainment level 2
- Leptospira have 2 chromosomes
- Culture is extremely challenging - slow growing (can take
weeks) - Causes a constellation of disease syndromes in many species,
these organisms inhabit multiple hosts and the epidemiology is
complex
-‘crooked ends’ when scanning with electron micrograph gram neg.
-lab idenfity: in urine by dark field microscopy. or PCR. florecent antibody on liver and kidney.
leptospira host habitat
- Maintained by animal hosts
- Persist in renal tubules
- Shed in urine
- Contaminate environment
- Water associated (rivers, ponds)
- Readily survives in bodies of water
- Moisture is very important for transmission
- When possible, keeping animal housing dry and clean is an important control measure.
-passed through water or direct contact with urine
leptospira virulence
- Invade tissues through moist/softened skin, mucous
membranes or by ingestion - Adhesions
-surface surviving proteins
-haeme oxygenase – allows utilization of haeme as iron source - Flagella – motility
Leptospira Hardjo
bovine
- Infections most often without overt clinical signs
- May result in reproductive problems
- Reproductive failure
- Abortion
- Also associated with milk-drop syndrome
- Mastitis
- Flabby udder
- Yellow or red tinged milk
- Chronic genital infection common
- Shed in urine possibly for life
Leptospira Pomona bovine
- Acute infections much more apparent
- Fever, anorexia, lethargy, decreased milk production
- Haemolytic anemia, intravascular hemolysis, petechiation. isrertic fetal tissues.
-treatment depends on type of symptoms: antimicrobials and supportive care
-prevention: vaccines, dry environment, eliminate carriers
Leptospira Pomona swine
- Persists in the kidney and are shed in the urine
- Clinical disease typically seen in gilts
- Acute: Pyrexia, listlessness
- Chronic: Abortions, Considerable economic loss
-milk spot kidney - Infections with Leptospira Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola,
Australis, Grippotyphosa and Hardjo reported - Be aware of maintenance host and control as appropriate
Leptospira swine treatment
- Treatment
- Antimicrobials important when dealing with outbreaks
- Apparently not effective at eliminating serovars from herds which are
maintained by pigs - Control measures
- Replacement stock are the most likely source for a herd
- Biosecurity, skunks have been implicated in outbreaks
- Vaccination
- Interruption of transmission is most important
leptospira dogs
-Younger animals are more severely affected
* Clinical signs include:
* Pyrexia
* Vomiting, dehydration, diarrhea (melena)
* Peripheral vascular collapse, tachypnea, poor capillary perfusion
* Icterus (liver is also damaged)
* Peracute infections can result in massive leptospiremia and rapid death
* See most commonly in hounds and working dogs
* Probably those animals with more wildlife or contaminated water body contact
Leptospira
-hot spots are southern ontario and nova scotia
leptospira dogs treatment
- Antimicrobials
- Penicillin is the treatment of choice for acute disease
- Tetracyclines, macrolides or aminoglycosides needed to eliminate carrier state
- Prevention
- Vaccines are available
- May prevent disease but not carrier state (zoonotic risk!)
- Avoid contact with reservoirs
Leptospira
leptospira humans
- Acute onset fever, headache, muscle pain and conjunctivitis
- Can mimic dengue
- Can also have icterus (5-10% of cases)
- Case fatality rate typically (1-5%) without treatment, up to 20%
if hepatorenal failure without dialysis - Occupational exposure very important
- Workers on farms, mines, sewers, abattoirs, vet, fish, dairy and milkers.
-incubation 10 days, rare in NA. travel infection.
Zoonotic/Interspecies Transmission of leptospira
- Animal → Animal and Animal → Human very important
- Very broad host range including wild and domestic mammals,
reptiles and amphibians - A 1983 study found that 90% of rats in Detroit were positive for
Leptospira Icterohaemorrhagiae - In Europe beware the hedgehog
- Personal protective equipment should be utilized
to avoid direct contact with infected animals
leptospira treatment don’t use
- A wide variety of drugs can be used, beware of
what species you are treating and what the drug
withdrawal times may be - What is your goal? Clinical cure or clearing
carriers? - Streptomycin, doxycycline
- Chloramphenicol and the sulfonamides are NOT
recommended
Taylorella and Bordetella characteristics
-small gram neg cocco bacilli
-BCL 2
- Taylorella equigenitalis is a notifiable disease in Canada
* Taylorella
* Carboxyphilic, facultative anaerobe
* Bordetella
* Obligate aerobes
* Non-fermentative
* Highly contagious!
Taylorella and Bordetella host habitat
- Taylorella
- Host associated
- In the equine genital tract
- Bordetella
- Respiratory tract of many species
- Healthy and diseased animals
-do not survive well in environment
bordatella virulence
- Adenylate cyclase haemolysin – inhibits phagocytosis, and local
immune response - Dermonecrotic toxin - broadly important among Bordetella
- Amount of toxin produced may be related to strain virulence
- Inhibitory towards porcine osteoblasts (atrophic rhinitis)
- Also required for B. avium to be pathogen
B. pertussis, Pertussis Toxin
- Pertussis toxin
- The activity of this toxin is believed to be responsible for
whooping cough - Composed of 5, 2-part subunits (A/B)
- A subunit ultimately leads to increased cAMP levels
- Affecting cell signaling
- Also has systemic effects
- ↑ insulin
- Inhibits recruitment of WBC and affects chemokine production
taylorella equigenitalis
*causes Contagious equine metritis
* In mares:
* Vaginal discharge 2-7 days after breeding
* Return to estrous
* In stallions:
* Doesn’t typically result in clinical disease, silent carriers
* Found in smegma accumulating in the urethral fossa
* Venereal disease in horses
* Natural mating or AI
-CFIA reportable
-treatment: antimicrobials, washing of vulva and clitoris and clitoral fossa.
-control: stud selections, import
-test horse from endemic region and quarentine.
bordetella avium.
-causes turkey coryza
* Disease of upper respiratory tract
* Sneezing (called snick)
* Nasal discharge (mucoid, tenacious exudate)
* Altered vocalization
* Mouth breathing
* Highly infectious - up to 100% of flock affected
* Affects young birds (<4 weeks
-low mortaltity but could be high with secondary invadors
- Transmission:
- Direct contact
- Contaminated feed, water, litter
- Survives in environment for 1-6 months!
- Also occurs in chickens although
disease tends to be less severe - Treatment
- Antimicrobials (tetracyclines)
- Control
- Vaccinations
- Biosecurity
bordetella bronchispetica pigs
- Associated with infections of the respiratory tract in young pigs
- Pneumonia
- Atrophic rhinitis
- Atrophic rhinitis caused by complex of P. multocida (PM) type D
or A and B. bronchiseptica (BB)
what causes atrophic rhinitis / path
- Atrophic rhinitis caused by complex of P. multocida (PM) type D
or A and B. bronchiseptica (BB) - BB starts the infection, causes damage allowing PM to proliferate
- Toxins produced by PM cause epithelial hypoplasia, atrophy of mucous
glands, osteolysis - Dermonecrotic inhibits osteoblasts
- Ultimately results in atrophy of nasal turbinates and shrinking of snout
bordatella bronchiseptica dogs
- Cause of kennel cough (canine infectious tracheobronchitis)
- Often polymicrobial infection
- Acute onset clinical signs
- Paroxysmal, productive cough with retching
- Swollen vocal cords result in unusual sounding cough (honk)
- Disease usually self-limiting
- Incubation period 3-10 days
- Very contagious
Patient history is an important part of the diagnosis
* Lack of vaccine in past 6 months
* Contact with other dogs
* Treatment
* Antimicrobials in severe cases
* Supportive therapy
vaccines: oral, intranasal, sub Q
bordatella bronchiseptica cats
- Disease less common than in dogs
- May be associated with contact with infected dogs
- Clinical signs include
- Sneezing
- Mucopurulent nasal and ocular discharge
- Often mild compared to dogs
- Cough is UNCOMMON!
- Disease more severe (pneumonia) in young kittens
- Treatment
- Doxycycline
B. bronchiseptica rabbits
- Like pigs, we see similar diseases in rabbits caused by B.
bronchiseptica and P. multocida - Rhinitis
- Pneumonia
- Otitis media/interna
- Very common in rabbits with respiratory disease up to 50%
-causes sniffles
B. bronchiseptica Guinea
Pigs
- Guinea pigs are among the most susceptible species to
Bordetella infections - Infection more likely to lead to serious disease than carrier state
- Acute, rapidly progressive respiratory infections with high
mortality rate - Rabbits can also serve as reservoir for more susceptible
species such as guinea pigs
B. pertussis people
-causes whooping cough
* Disease progresses through 3 phases
* Prodromal phase:
* Cold or flu like illness
* Paroxysmal phase:
* Begins 7-14 days after prodromal phase
* Coughing paroxysms, followed by desperate gasps for air
* Paroxysms often followed by cyanosis and vomiting
* Convalescent phase:
* Within 4 weeks on onset
* Decreased occurrence of paroxysms
Atypical pertussis occurs in adults
* Relatively common in university students, military personnel
-350000 deaths anually
-vaccines
-highly contagios
sample Collection and Handling of bordetella
Bordetella spp.
* Nasal or tracheal swabs
* Do NOT use cotton swabs, cotton can be toxic to these organisms and
reduce the likelihood of recovery
* Bronchoalveolar lavage
* Transtracheal wash
* Transport media is important
* Do NOT freeze
-culture, serology, florencent antibody test
Zoonotic/Interspecies Transmission
* Taylorella and bordetella
- Taylorella only causes clinical diseases in equids
- Bordetella species should all be considered potentially zoonotic
- We have insufficient evidence to quantify risk
- B. bronchiseptica has been isolated from respiratory
submissions from people including whooping cough like illness - Can be pathogenic in compromised patients
- Children
- Chronic alcoholics
- AIDS
- Acute leukemia
dimorphic fungi characteristics
- These organisms assume 2 forms( Mycelial (mold) and yeast forms)
-thermally dimorphic fungi depend on temp for growth. yeast as body temp and above 37. - Biocontainment level 3 – when in mycelial form
- Biocontainment level 2 – when in yeast form
-budding yeast looking at 37 or stringy in mycelial phase
dimorphic fungi environment
- These are all environmental organisms
- Blastomyces dermatitidis – acidic soils (water, creek)
-* Coccioioides immitis – soil of low elevation deserts - Histoplasma capsulatum – nitrogenous soils (bat/bird feces)
- Sporithrix schenckii complex – old wood
-all common with resp infections.
-urine antigen samples, aspirates, excudates from lesions.
-use serology or cytology
-DANGEROUS when cultured.
dimorphic fungi morph
-blasomyces dermatitdis: myceal phase long rods look like sperm
-Mycelial phase of Coccidioides
immitis. has a barrel shaped arthroconidia
-Histoplasma capsulatum mycelial phase. Note the large tuberculate macroconidia and the
small microconidia.
-Sporothrix schenckii. mycelial phase, clusters of conidia with a floral distribution
geographical dimorphic fungi
-blastomyces (southwest can, ON) or africa
-coccidioides (SE USA)
-histoplasma (SW Cad, south USA)
-sporothrix (USA, mexico, china, brazil)
dimorphic fungi pathogenesis
-blastomyces: spores in enviro in mycelial phase then inhaled or into skin.
-coccidiosis: inhaled, tiny move in wind, go to alveioli. make endospores with spherules.
-histoplasma: spores in mycelial phase then inhaled to LN and throughout body.
-sporothrix: in enviro with traumatic plant material (rose bushes, hay, ect)
Blasytomyces. dermatidis dogs
-most common in sask
-respiratory disease, use rads of lungs with nodular lesions
-ocular signs (uveitis)
-skin lesions 20-50% time
-chronic sick: anorexia, weightloss, lameness
-previous antibiotic therapy
-common in young dogs, sporting breeds.
-by water or dirt excavation dogs 10x more s than people.
Blasytomyces. dermatidis people
- Most often starts as respiratory infection
- Dry cough
- Fever
- Weight loss
- Bone is most common site of extra-pulmonary involvement
- The state of Mississippi is the most highly endemic region
- If you suspect that your patient has Blastomyces, ask the owners about clinical disease in their family members!
coccidodies clinical dogs/cats
- Disease colloquially known as “Valley Fever
- Subclinical infections common
- Up to 70% of dogs
- Clinical signs depend on site of infection:
- Lameness most common
- Chronic illness
- Respiratory signs, granulomatous pneumonia.
- Lymphadenopathy
- Non-healing cutaneous lesions (cats usually)
-see after rainfall then dust in AZ
-latenent infection up to 3 years. - Treatment
- Amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole
Histoplasma capsulatum
dogs
- Most infected animals have disseminated disease, wide range of non-specific signs
- Depression, weight loss, fever most common clinical signs, draining tracts
- Unresponsive to antibiotics
Diarrhea – due to Histoplasma enteritis - Often large bowel diarrhea with mucous and frank blood
- Hepatomegaly
- Splenomegaly
- Icterus
-may be self limiting or use antifungal: * Amphotericin B
Histoplasma capsulatum cats
- Cats are very susceptible
- 2 nd most commonly reported systemic mycosis in cats
- Most have disseminated disease with non-specific signs
- Skin lesions (nodules or ulcers) common
- Respiratory signs OTHER than cough
- Dyspnea, tachypnea and abnormal lung sounds
- Ocular involvement in ~1/4 of cats
S. schenckii complex
horses (most common)
- Most often presents as a lymphocutaneous disease
- Nodules develop at the site of infection
- Eventually nodules and cutaneous lymphatics ulcerate
- Exudation of yellowish exudate from ulcers
- Disseminated disease can develop if cutaneous or
lymphocutaneous forms not treated
-ulcerative dermatitis - Disease develops after damage to skin from contaminated plant
material - Thorns for example
- Treatment: Systemic iodine
preparations=Itraconazole
S. schenckii complex cats
-feline sporotrichosis causes cutaneous and extracutaneous forms.
-single or multiple skin lesions, usually with nose mucosa. nodules and skin ulcers.
-extracutaneous: resp signs, swollen LN, cartilage and bone lesions.
-lesions on face and nose of cats.
S. schenckii complex people
- Associated with
- Sphagnum moss, rose bushes and splinters
- S. brasiliensis
- Zoonotically acquired from cats (bites/scratches)
- As of fall 2023, geographically limited to South America
- Get small painless pustules, then get multiple linearly placed secondary pustular lesions or ulcerating lesions along proximal lymphatics
-zoonotic from bites/ scratches.
histophilus and glasserella characteristics
-gram neg cocco-bacilli
-BCL 2
-* Facultative anaerobes
* Fastidious
-part of normal microbiota
* Histophilus somni: Respiratory and reproductive tract
* Glaesserella parasuis: pigs, resp, membranes, genital tract
-factors X and V
glasserela parasuis virulence
- Capsule – adhesion and invasion
- Fimbriae – associated with encapsulated strains
- Lipooligosaccharide – toxic lipid A component, also capable of phase
variation → antigenic variation and immune evasion - Glaesserela parasuis induces cells to eat it (autophagy) as a strategy
for getting into cells!
Histophilus somni bovine
- Often involves more
than one organ system - Respiratory infection
(shipping fever) - Fever, tachypnea, cough,
nasal discharge - Can be fatal
- Pain associated with pleuritis
- Thrombotic
meningoencephalitis - Septicemia
- Myocarditis – sudden death
- Arthritis
- Abortion
- Enzootic calf pneumonia.
-vascular thrombosis - Tissue infarction + necrosis with haemorrhage. vascular thrombosis
- Thrombotic meningoencephalitis in older calves and yearlings
- Depression, fever, blindness, coma and sudden death
- Treatment
- Antimicrobials
- Control
- Vaccination
histophilus somni sheep
-* Lameness, septicemia, epididymitis-orchitis, metritis, abortion and
mastitis
-necrositing myocarditis, firbrous broncho. ect.
glasserella parasuis
- Presentation depends on site of infection
- In naive herds see rapid onset of disease
- Pyrexia, inappetence, anorexia
- Abortion in gilts
- Lameness chronically
-septicemia- sudden death.
-glassers disease: fibrinous polyserositis.
-disease in mixing herds, young pigs 4-8 weeks. short 1-5d incubation.
glasserella parasuis treatment and control
- Treatment
- High doses of antimicrobials early in course of disease
- Control
- Vaccination of gilts (ensuring protective maternal immunity)
- Beware of new introductions
- Not mixing litters
- Adequate colostrum intake
Haemophilus influenzae people
- Found in the oro/naso pharynx of up to 85% of people
- Clinical signs depend on site of infection
- Fever and chills, cough, difficulty breathing
- Associated with wide variety of diseases
- Meningitis, otitis media, epiglottitis.
- Before vaccines this was the most common cause of bacterial
meningitis in kids 1 month – 2 years.
-hearing loss.
Haemophilus influenzae people treat and common
- Vaccines J
- Unvaccinated children
are most at risk - Beware of schools,
daycares
Common themes
1.Colonizes upper respiratory tract
2.Multisystemic disease
3.Occurs when susceptible populations mix
histophilus and glasserella treatment and samples/ resistance
-joint fluid, tissues with lesions.
-do not freeze, get to lab quickly
-host specific strains not zoonotic
* Treatment
* Antimicrobials early in infection helpful
* Macrolide type drugs can be useful
* Erythromycin
* Vaccines important (Glaesserella parasuis)
* Intrinsic resistance to streptogramins (virginiamycin)
