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Intro To RC > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is dyspnea?

A
  • sensation of breathing discomfort
  • used to describe difficulty in the mechanical act of breathing
  • most common symptom that respiratory therapists are called to treat
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2
Q

what are the factors of a cough?

A
  • Color, Consistency, amount and odor
  • length:acute, chronic, recurrent
  • sound: barking, brassy, wheezing, dry
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2
Q

How can you determine the level of dyspnea?

A

modified borg scale

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3
Q

what does a cough do?

A

Mucous blanket
- important cleansing mechanism of the tracheobronchial tree.
- breaks up secretions

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3
Q

Internal factors of communication

A
  • Empathy
  • Optimistic view of people
  • Ability to listen
  • Genuine liking of people
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4
Q

what does JVD mean?

A

Jugular venous distention

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4
Q

External factors of communication

A
  • Physical setting
  • Privacy
  • Limit interruptions
  • Comfortable environment
  • Limit computer usage
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5
Q

what is hypoxia?

A

low oxygen in the tissues

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5
Q

what are the chest deformities ?

A
  • Kyphosis: “hunchback”
  • Scoliosis: lateral curvature
  • Barrel Chest: increased A-P diameter of chest
  • Pectus Excavatum: funnel shaped depression over the lower sternum
  • Pectus Carinatum: forward projection of the xiphoid process “pigeon chest”
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6
Q

physical examination steps

A
  • Inspection (visually examining)
  • Palpitation (touching)
  • Percussion (tapping)
  • Auscultation (listening with a stethoscope)
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7
Q

what is Tripodding?

A

Patient must sit upright while bracing his or her elbows on table common in COPD patients.

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8
Q

what is Orthopnea?

A

patient only able to breathe comfortably in upright position

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9
Q

what is Afebrile?

A
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10
Q

sites to take temperatures

A
  • Oral: Convenient, Patient comfort, affected by hot or cold liquids, follow directions
  • Rectal: Most accurate, uncomfortable, diarrhea
  • Ear (tympanic): Less infection risk, convenient
  • Axillary: Safe and noninvasive, least reliable (1°F lower than oral)
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11
Q

what is Febrile?

A
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12
Q

clinical signs of hypothermia

A
  • Below normal body temperature
  • Decreased pulse and RR
  • Severe shivering
  • Coldness or chills
  • Pale or bluish cool waxy skin
  • Hypotension
  • Decreased urinary output
  • Lack of muscle coordination
  • Disorientation
  • Drowsiness or unresponsiveness
  • Coma
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13
Q

what us a normal pulse rate?

A

60-100bpm

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13
Q

what is tachycardia?

A

> 100 bpm

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14
Q

what is inspiration ?

A

an active process where the diaphragm contacts and causes intrathoracic pressure to decrease, in turns causes the pressure in the airways to fall and air flows in

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15
Q

what is bradycardia?

A

< 60 bpm

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16
Q

what is Eupnea?
(RR)

A
  • normal range
  • 12-20 bpm
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17
Q

what is Bradypnea?

A

fewer than 12 breaths per min

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18
Q

what is apnea?

A

absence of breathing that leads to respiratory arrest

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19
Q

what is tachypnea?

A
  • more than 20 bpm
20
Q

what is hyperventilation?

A

increased rate and depth, increasing alveolar ventilation and decreased PACO2

20
Q

what is hypoventilation?

A

decreased rate and depth decreasing alveolar ventilation and increased PACO2

21
Q

what is Kussmauls?

A

increased rate and depth of breathing

21
Q

what a normal blood pressure?

A

120/80mmHg

22
Q

what is Systolic and
Diastolic?

A
  • systolic: contraction
  • diastolic: relaxation
22
Q

what are biots respiration?

A

fast, deep respirations abrupt pauses

23
Q

what is hypotension?

A

90/60mmHg

23
Q

what is Pulsus Paradoxus?

A

is defined as a systolic blood pressure that is more than 10mmHg lower on inspiration than on expiration

23
Q

what is Orthostatic hypotension?

A

When blood pressure quickly drops as the individual rises to an upright position or stands: syncope

24
Q

what is hypertension?

A

140/90mmHg

25
Q

what is a normal pulse oximetry?

A

95-100%

25
Q

what is Capillary Refill?

A

Press briefly and firmly on the patient’s fingernail until the nail bed is blanched. Speed at which the blood flow and color return is noted.

26
Q

what is Unilateral reduction ?

A
  • happens with major part of one lung reduced
  • Consolidation
  • Pleural Effusion
26
Q

what are diseases that have a reduction in palpatation?

A
  • Neuromuscular
  • COPD
27
Q

what is Vocal fremitus?
(the word 99)

A

vibrations created by the vocal cords during speech. They are transmitted down the tracheobronchial tree and through the lung to the chest wall.

28
Q

what is Tactile fremitus ?

A

vibrations are felt on the chest wall.

29
Q

what is Dull percussion note?

A
  • Pleural thickening
  • Pleural effusion
  • Atelectasis
  • Consolidation
30
Q

what is Hyperresonant percussion note?

A
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
  • Pneumothorax
  • Asthma
31
Q

what are the 3 normal breath sounds?

A
  • Bronchial (tracheal) (loud, high pitch, in&Ex)
  • Bronchovesicular(bronchi) (moderate pitch&loudness)
  • vesIcular(any lung) (high pitch & soft intensity)
32
Q

crackles

A

occur when airflow moves secretions or fluid in the airways

33
Q

coarse crackles
(on inspiration & expiration)

A

low pitched, rumbling, bubbling or gurgling
- Copd
- cystic fibrosis
- bronchiectasis
- CHF

33
Q

fine crackles
(end of inspiration)

A

not continuous, high pitched, crackling & popping sounds
- Atelectasis
- interstitial fibrosis
- early pulmonary edema
- pneumonia

34
Q

wheezing
(on inspiration & expiration)

A
  • produced by narrowed bronchial airways
  • continuous, high pitched musical whistles that are generally heard on expiration, severe cases on inspiration as well.
  • Asthma
  • bronchospasm
  • mucosal edema
  • foreign bodies
35
Q

Bronchial
(equal I:e heard)

A
  • prevented from being vesicular breath sounds because of consolidation
  • harsh hallow or tubular. Loud high pitch
36
Q

Stridor

A
  • continuous, loud high pitched caused by an obstruction in the trachea or larynx. Generally can be heard without a stethoscope.
  • Glottic edema
  • croup
37
Q

Pleural friction rub
(between inspiration & expiration)

A
  • continuous, low pitched, coarse creaking or grating.
  • pneumonia
  • pulmonary fibrosis
  • after thoracic surgery
  • pulmonary infarction
38
Q

Diminished

A

diminished or distant in any respiratory disorder that reduces sound or flow
- Air trapping: drug overdose, flail chest, pneumothorax, obstructive
- air trapping is caused by inflammation & bronchial secretions

39
Q

Egophony

A
  • E turns to A (when you listen it’ll sound like A; non-normal)
  • Bronchial breath sounds, dull percussion note, increased vocal fremitus.
40
Q

Bronchophony

A

Patient repeats words “one, two, three” or “ninety-nine” while clinician listens over the chest wall with stethoscope
Consolidation words will be louder, clearer, and with nasal quality.

41
Q

what is normal ventilation?

A
  • Tidal Volume (7 to 9 mL/kg) ~500mL
  • Respiratory Rate (12 to 20)
  • I:E ratio (1:2)
42
Q

what Pathophysiology effects ventilation?

A
  • Lung compliance (ease with which the elastic forces of the lungs accept a volume.
  • Airway resistance (impedance to flow;Difference in pressure between two points (mouth and alveoli)
  • Peripheral chemoreceptors (oxygen sensitive cells that react to a reduction of oxygen in the arterial blood.)
  • Central chemoreceptors(Respiratory centers in the medulla are responsible for coordinating respiration. Stimulated by an increase in H+ in the cerebrospinal fluid)
  • Pulmonary Reflexes
  • Pain, anxiety, fever (all increase RR)
43
Q

pulmonary reflexes

A
  • Deflation Reflex- lungs are compressed (atelectasis) increased rate of breathing
  • Irritant Reflex- compressed, deflated, or exposed to irritant, rate to increase
  • J receptors- when stimulated rapid shallow breathing pattern triggered
44
Q

Abnormal respiratory pattern
(Increased work of breathing)

A
  • use of accessory muscles
  • pursed lip breathing
  • retractions
  • nasal flaring
45
Q

what is pursed lip breathing?

A
  • Patient exhales through lips that are held in a whistling, kissing, or blowing a flute position
  • The positive pressure created by slowing the air flow provides airways with some stability and ability to resist intrapleural pressures
  • Offsets early airway collapse and air-trapping, decrease RR
  • Generates a better gas mixing pattern
  • Advanced stages of obstructive pulmonary disease

Intro To RC (7 decks)

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