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Criminal Justice > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Who and when created the first professional, salaried police force in England?

A

In 1798, the West India Trading Company created London’s first professional, salaried police force, the
Thames River Police.

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2
Q

Who and when created the first permanent public police force in England?

A

Sir Robert Peel convinced the British government to pass the Metropolitan Police Act in 1829 which created a permanent public police force.

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3
Q

Which 3 enduring features of American policing are borrowed from England?

A
  1. Limited Police Authority
  2. Local Control
  3. A Fragmented System
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4
Q

What difference did Miller note between policing in New York and London?

A

The authority of officers in London rested on
discretion granted by the government.
New York City officers had more discretion, with a
personal basis for authority

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5
Q

What did Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883 do away with and what did it introduce?

A

Basically, it formed a civil service system that dispensed with patronage and administered employment and promotions based on merit rather than political connections.

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6
Q

What movement did August Vollmer contribute to?

What are his specific contributions in terms of recruitment, classes, and technological innovations?

A

The Police Reform Movement

  1. Among the first police chiefs to recruit college grads
  2. Organized the first police-science courses at the University of California
  3. Introduced an emphasis on technology to help police to do their job (like the patrol car, improved communications, advanced record keeping techniques, and the creation of crime-analysis laboratories)
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7
Q

What are 3 differences between police and military - especially in discretion?

A

The differences are visibility, authority, and discretion which is vested in the individual police officer.

Soldiers are typically allowed very little discretion in the course of their work. Policing, especially in the patrol division, is characterized by significant amounts of discretion.

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8
Q

What do we know about jurisdiction and concentration of federal and local law enforcement agencies?

A

Federal: Agencies have nationwide jurisdiction but
concentrate on specific offenses.
Local: Handle most crime. Most local police forces are operated by municipalities.

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9
Q

What did the Kansas City Patrol Experiment find about impact of routine patrol on crime?

A

marked police cars have little value in preventing crime or making citizens feel safe and that resources normally allocated to these activities could safely be allocated elsewhere

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10
Q

What are 3 goals of police patrol?

A
  1. To deter crime
  2. Enhance feelings of public safety
  3. Make officers available for service
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11
Q

Examples of police peacemaking

A
  • Domestic disputes
  • Crowd control
  • Vice
  • Mental illness
  • Juveniles
  • First response
  • Use of force
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12
Q

Do police make an arrest every time they are legally authorized to do so?

A

No (discretion) - The criminal justice system could not effectively deal with so many cases.
The most serious offenders would be obscured by the mass of cases.

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13
Q

What does the 4th amendment say - what are citizens protected from?

A

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

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14
Q

Are most searches conducted with or without a warrant?

A

Without

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15
Q

What are the 4 major exceptions to the warrant requirment?

A
  1. Arrests
  2. Consent searches
  3. Exigent-circumstances searches or emergency searches (DUI stop in itself is not exigent)
  4. Vehicle searches
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16
Q

What are the “special-needs” searches? Do they require a warrant, and which individuals are searched?

A

Most searches-no warrant required
1. Impound inspections/inventory searches
2. Border searches
3. Airport searches
4. Searches of inmates/probationers/parolees
5. Searches of students
6. Employee drug testing

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17
Q

What is ‘reasonable suspicion’

A

Reasonable suspicion occurs when any reasonable officer might suspect a crime.

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18
Q

Is reasonable suspicion higher or lower reasonableness standard than “probable cause?”

A

Lower
The main difference between probable cause and reasonable suspicion is that probable cause means there is concrete evidence of a crime and that any reasonable person might suspect criminal activity.

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19
Q

Based on the class discussion, what % of stop-and-frisks in NY was of innocent people in 2022 and 2013?

A

2022: 65%
2013: 88%

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20
Q

What are the goals and tactics of community policing?

A
  • Recalls the watchman style
  • Attempts to harness community resources and residents in stopping crime and maintaining order
  • Covers a vast array of activities
21
Q

What are the goals and tactics of problem-oriented policing?

A
  • Related to community policing
  • Expands the officer’s role from reaction to proactive problem solving
  • Allows agencies to address crime on a more systemic level than traditional policing
22
Q

What are the goals and tactics of zero-tolerance policing?

A
  • A refinement of problem-oriented policing
  • Based on broken-windows perspective
  • If every infraction of the law is punished, offenders will not commit more serious offenses.
23
Q

What do we know and not know about police use of force?

A

Know:
1. Police use force infrequently
2. Use of force occurs at the lower end of the pysical spectrum, involving grabbing, pushing, handcuffing, or shoving
3. Use of force typically occurs when a suspect resists arrest

Do not know:
1. The incidence of wrongful use of force
2. The effect of differences in police organizations including administrative policies, hiring, training, discipline, and use of technology on excessive and illegal force
3. Influences of situational characteristics on police use of force and the transactional nature of these events

24
Q

When can deadly force be lawfully used?

A

To use deadly force, the officer must believe the suspect to be a threat to others.
Deadly force may be used only if the suspect poses a threat to the lives of police officers or bystanders.

25
Q

What are the elements of police subculture/ working personality?

A
  1. The symbolic assistant - Police officers must always be on guard
  2. Danger - Police are drawn to more dangerous assignments
  3. Social isolation - The public treats police officers differntly, hence many officers limit their social interactions to situations in which other officers are around
  4. Solidarity - “us against them” mentality exists to cope not olnly with law violators, but also with the public in general
26
Q

Based on the lecture, what % of citizen-police contact in 2018 involved force?

A

2.8%

27
Q

What are the occupational hazards of policing i.e. personal consequences of stress for police officers?

A
  1. Alcohol (self-medicating)
  2. family problems
  3. suicide
28
Q

Based on the lecture, what are the 3 strategies for police officers to deal with stress at the officer-level (not management level)?

A
  1. Group process sessions
  2. Stress mangement techniques
  3. Mentoring
29
Q

Historically, what are the major sources of police corruption?

A
  1. Gambling
  2. Drug/alcohol
    prohibition
  3. Prostitution
30
Q

What are the critiques of less-than-lethal weapons and DNA databases?

A

Potential misuse for DNA databases could violate the 4th amendment rights.

31
Q

What are the typical arguments for women in policing - and responses to these arguments?

A

They are more emotional less physically capable.

32
Q

What is a double marginality?

A

The multiple outsider status of women and minority police officers as a result of being treated differently by their fellow officers.

33
Q

What is a “blood feud” and what role has it played in the evolution of courts?

A

Based on vengeance - creates more problems than it solves, endless cycle of violence

34
Q

Why is Magna Carta important?

A

It limited the power of the king and recognized the noble’s life.

35
Q

Based on the lecture, which clause was upheld in the Supreme Court in 1816 and 1821?

A

The Supremacy Clause

36
Q

What are the 3 types of jurisdictions and what are they based on?

A
  1. Subject Matter - nature
  2. Geographic - where
  3. Heirarchical - significance
37
Q

What are the 2 components of the court system in the US?

A

Federal courts and state courts

38
Q

Can you briefly outline the structure of the federal and state courts (i.e. what are the limited jurisdiction courts, general jurisdiction courts, intermediate appellate courts, and the courts of last resort)?

A

Bottom-fact finding
Top-interpret law

39
Q

The trial courts of limited jurisdiction - how many cases do these handle a year and what types?

A

High volume of cases- thousands
Primarily deal with specific types of cases like- civil, small claims, misdemeanor criminal cases

40
Q

What is a “going rate”

A

The agreed-upon punishment for the crime the convicted has done by both sides’ attorneys
-how cases are usually handled, typical sentence for that crime

41
Q

Who is included in the courtroom work group?

A

Prosecutor, Defense, Judge, Defendents, victims, witnesses, and participants

42
Q

What are the mechanisms of judicial selection?

A

Federal- President nominated, senate approves
States- nearly half the states elect judges

Election of judges
Merit selection (Missouri Bar Plan)

43
Q

Who is an extremely powerful figure in the courtroom and why?

A

Prosecutor
-decide to charge or not (discretion)
-has the most influence in plea bargain

44
Q

What are the types of plea bargaining?

A
  1. Vertical plea - reducing the potential for a harsh sentence by pleading guilty or nolo contendere to a lesser charge
  2. Horizontal plea - pleading guilty to a charge in exchange for other charges being dropped
  3. Reduced sentence plea - the prosecutor, defense attorney, and judge might decide on a reduced sentence
    4.Avoidance of stigma plea - a defendant pleads guilty to a lesser charge in order to avoid a more serious charge that carries a stigma
45
Q

What are the major critiques of the abolition of plea bargaining?

A
  1. The discretion will be moved to a different stage of the system and subject to increased abuse or corruption
  2. Increase in the number of cases that go to trial
  3. Might squeeze the prosecutor out of the process
46
Q

What are the major rights of defendants in criminal cases derived from the Bill of Rights?

Specifically, what is a right to confront witness?

A

Right to confront witness- (sixth amendment) the right to challenge the witness’s story and ask questions

Right to- speedy trial, impartial jury
Right against- excessive bail, self incrimination

47
Q

What are the basic traits of watchmen style of policing?

A

Distinguishes between two mandates of policing: order maintenance and law enforcement.
* Involves discretion
* Preserving the social order is key

48
Q

What are the basic traits of legalistic style of policing?

A

Concentrates on enforcing the law by
writing more tickets, making more
arrests, and encouraging victims to
sign complaints.
* Requires little discretion

49
Q

What are the basic traits of service style of policing?

A
  • Concerned with service to the community and citizens
  • Employs alternative strategies: official warnings or diversion programs
  • Discretion is used, but subject to formal review and evaluation

Criminal Justice (3 decks)

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