Exam 2 Flashcards
Ethics, IRB and IACUC, types of studies, and types of validities/reliabilities
Who was Josef Mengele?
A German SS officer who completed an abundance of human research, specifically focused on twins, little-people, and physical abnormalities
What occurred in Japan’s unit 731?
A human research group, hidden as an ‘energy group’, really they were discovering why we know humans are 60% water
Define the Nuremberg Code (1948).
The first attempt at regulating human research, more an attempt at punishing the Nazi researchers
What was the Declaration of Helsinki (1964)?
The second attempt at regulating human research, combined the ideas of the Nuremberg code and the Declaration of Geneva (human rights), not legally binding and unsigned by the USA.
Summarize the concepts in the Nuremberg Code
Voluntary consent, beneficence, risk minimization, participate rights, and right to terminate the experiment
What were some ethically questionable studies?
Little Albert, The Monster Study, Pit of Despair, Milgram Experiment, The Stanford Prison Experiment, and the Tuskegee Syphilis Study
Define the Belmont Report (1976).
A response to the Tuskegee study, the United States’ first legal guideline for conducting human research
What are the three main components of the Belmont Report?
Respect for persons, beneficence, and justice
Define respect for persons.
A principle of the Belmont Report, people are autonomous agents with informed consent
Define beneficence.
A principle of the Belmont Report, the study is completed for the greater good (risk-benefit analysis)
Define justice.
A principle of the Belmont Report, the participants equally benefits as much as the general population
What is ‘the 10’?
The importance of resolving ethical issues, competence, human relations, privacy and confidentiality, advertising and public statements, record keeping and fees, education and training, research and publication, assessment and therapy
What are the APA’s ethical standards called?
The 10/Belmont +2
What are the two types of deception?
Omission (withholding information) and commission (purposefully misled participants)
What is the APA standard 8?
This is specific to research, the IRB, deception, debriefing, research misconduct, and animal research
What is the IRB for?
Organization specific committee that reviews potential research
What is the function of debriefing?
Following participation, informing the participants what the true intent of the study was
What are the 3 Rs?
Defining part of the Animal Welfare Act (1966), replace, reduce, refine
What are some methods of research misconduct?
Data fabrication, data falsification, plagiarism, and misleading presentation
Define operational definition.
How an abstract concept is measured (heart rate )
Who reviews animal research study designs?
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)
Define replace, reduce, refine.
Replace = using an alternative
Reduce = using as few animals as possible
Refine = using the method of study that causes the animal the least distress
Define conceptual definition.
How an abstract concept is defined (anxiety)
Can every conceptual variable be operationalized?
No, some things are very abstract and broad (intelligence)
What are the three types of operationalization?
Subjective-report, behavioral/observational, and physiological
What are the scales of measurement for quantitative data?
Ordinal, interval, and ratio
Define construct validity of measurement.
The validity and reliability of a measurement
What are the scales of measurement within qualitative data?
Nominal or categorical
What is the correlation coefficient (r)?
When a variable changes, the other also tends to change (correlation of happiness and the weather)
What are the three types of reliability of measurement?
Test-retest reliability, interrater reliability, and internal reliability
What are the two subjective ways to assess construct validity?
Face and content validity
How do you establish causality in a correlational study?
By completing a secondary experimental study
What are the two empirical ways to assess validity?
Predictive and concurrent validity
Define predictive validity.
How well a test predicts the future outcome (SAT predicts college GPA)
Define concurrent validity.
Divergent/convergent validity, how well a measure correlated with its present outcome (GPA and IQ)
What are some problematic question formats?
Leading questions, double-barreled questions, presence of double negatives, and manipulative question order
What is the difference between divergent and convergent validity?
Divergent validity pertains to how the measure differs from unrelated measures while convergent validity pertains to how the measure is similar to pre-established methods
What are some types of question formats?
Open-ended questions, forced-choice format, likert scale, or semantic differential format (multiple question formats)
What does the MMR vaccine and autism study have to do with research ethics?
This study was an example of false research reporting, engaged in HARKing and falsifying data
What is Cronbach’s alpha used for?
How well the items correlate with one another (internal reliability)
How do we ensure construct validity of surverys?
“Grade” the participants
What is a downside to human research?
Accurate/inaccurate responses; nondifferentiation (Christmas treeing), acquiescence (bored so uses shortcuts), fence sitting, ensuring anonymity, and social desirability
How do we prevent the observer bias.
Clearly defined rating scales and codebooks, masked/blind experimental design
Define the observer effect.
As a researcher, impacting the study directly (believing that boys answer questions more than girls but really the teachers had a tendency to choose them more often)
How do you prevent observation effects/reactivity of participants?
Masked/blind experimental design, blend/hide
How do we ensure construct validity for behavioral observations?
Eliminating the reactivity of participants, observer effect, and observer bias
Define reactivity of participants.
When a participant knows they are being observed so their behavior changes
