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Research Methods > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

Ethics, IRB and IACUC, types of studies, and types of validities/reliabilities

1
Q

Who was Josef Mengele?

A

A German SS officer who completed an abundance of human research, specifically focused on twins, little-people, and physical abnormalities

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2
Q

What occurred in Japan’s unit 731?

A

A human research group, hidden as an ‘energy group’, really they were discovering why we know humans are 60% water

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3
Q

Define the Nuremberg Code (1948).

A

The first attempt at regulating human research, more an attempt at punishing the Nazi researchers

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4
Q

What was the Declaration of Helsinki (1964)?

A

The second attempt at regulating human research, combined the ideas of the Nuremberg code and the Declaration of Geneva (human rights), not legally binding and unsigned by the USA.

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5
Q

Summarize the concepts in the Nuremberg Code

A

Voluntary consent, beneficence, risk minimization, participate rights, and right to terminate the experiment

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6
Q

What were some ethically questionable studies?

A

Little Albert, The Monster Study, Pit of Despair, Milgram Experiment, The Stanford Prison Experiment, and the Tuskegee Syphilis Study

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7
Q

Define the Belmont Report (1976).

A

A response to the Tuskegee study, the United States’ first legal guideline for conducting human research

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7
Q

What are the three main components of the Belmont Report?

A

Respect for persons, beneficence, and justice

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8
Q

Define respect for persons.

A

A principle of the Belmont Report, people are autonomous agents with informed consent

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9
Q

Define beneficence.

A

A principle of the Belmont Report, the study is completed for the greater good (risk-benefit analysis)

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9
Q

Define justice.

A

A principle of the Belmont Report, the participants equally benefits as much as the general population

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10
Q

What is ‘the 10’?

A

The importance of resolving ethical issues, competence, human relations, privacy and confidentiality, advertising and public statements, record keeping and fees, education and training, research and publication, assessment and therapy

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10
Q

What are the APA’s ethical standards called?

A

The 10/Belmont +2

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11
Q

What are the two types of deception?

A

Omission (withholding information) and commission (purposefully misled participants)

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11
Q

What is the APA standard 8?

A

This is specific to research, the IRB, deception, debriefing, research misconduct, and animal research

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12
Q

What is the IRB for?

A

Organization specific committee that reviews potential research

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13
Q

What is the function of debriefing?

A

Following participation, informing the participants what the true intent of the study was

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14
Q

What are the 3 Rs?

A

Defining part of the Animal Welfare Act (1966), replace, reduce, refine

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14
Q

What are some methods of research misconduct?

A

Data fabrication, data falsification, plagiarism, and misleading presentation

14
Q

Define operational definition.

A

How an abstract concept is measured (heart rate )

15
Q

Who reviews animal research study designs?

A

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

15
Q

Define replace, reduce, refine.

A

Replace = using an alternative
Reduce = using as few animals as possible
Refine = using the method of study that causes the animal the least distress

16
Q

Define conceptual definition.

A

How an abstract concept is defined (anxiety)

17
Q

Can every conceptual variable be operationalized?

A

No, some things are very abstract and broad (intelligence)

18
Q

What are the three types of operationalization?

A

Subjective-report, behavioral/observational, and physiological

19
Q

What are the scales of measurement for quantitative data?

A

Ordinal, interval, and ratio

20
Q

Define construct validity of measurement.

A

The validity and reliability of a measurement

20
Q

What are the scales of measurement within qualitative data?

A

Nominal or categorical

21
Q

What is the correlation coefficient (r)?

A

When a variable changes, the other also tends to change (correlation of happiness and the weather)

21
Q

What are the three types of reliability of measurement?

A

Test-retest reliability, interrater reliability, and internal reliability

22
Q

What are the two subjective ways to assess construct validity?

A

Face and content validity

22
Q

How do you establish causality in a correlational study?

A

By completing a secondary experimental study

22
Q

What are the two empirical ways to assess validity?

A

Predictive and concurrent validity

22
Q

Define predictive validity.

A

How well a test predicts the future outcome (SAT predicts college GPA)

23
Q

Define concurrent validity.

A

Divergent/convergent validity, how well a measure correlated with its present outcome (GPA and IQ)

24
Q

What are some problematic question formats?

A

Leading questions, double-barreled questions, presence of double negatives, and manipulative question order

24
Q

What is the difference between divergent and convergent validity?

A

Divergent validity pertains to how the measure differs from unrelated measures while convergent validity pertains to how the measure is similar to pre-established methods

24
Q

What are some types of question formats?

A

Open-ended questions, forced-choice format, likert scale, or semantic differential format (multiple question formats)

25
Q

What does the MMR vaccine and autism study have to do with research ethics?

A

This study was an example of false research reporting, engaged in HARKing and falsifying data

25
Q

What is Cronbach’s alpha used for?

A

How well the items correlate with one another (internal reliability)

25
Q

How do we ensure construct validity of surverys?

A

“Grade” the participants

26
Q

What is a downside to human research?

A

Accurate/inaccurate responses; nondifferentiation (Christmas treeing), acquiescence (bored so uses shortcuts), fence sitting, ensuring anonymity, and social desirability

26
Q

How do we prevent the observer bias.

A

Clearly defined rating scales and codebooks, masked/blind experimental design

26
Q

Define the observer effect.

A

As a researcher, impacting the study directly (believing that boys answer questions more than girls but really the teachers had a tendency to choose them more often)

26
Q

How do you prevent observation effects/reactivity of participants?

A

Masked/blind experimental design, blend/hide

27
Q

How do we ensure construct validity for behavioral observations?

A

Eliminating the reactivity of participants, observer effect, and observer bias

27
Q

Define reactivity of participants.

A

When a participant knows they are being observed so their behavior changes

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