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Biol 405: Comparative Endocrinology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 overlapping phases can male sexual behavior be divided into?

A
  1. Appetitive phase: when attempting to gain access to the opposite sex for the purpose of dating
  2. Consumatory phase: sexual potency, performance, copulatory behavior; shorter than appetitive phase (all androgen-dependent)
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2
Q

evidence for coincidence between onset of sexual interest and puberty

A
  1. castration reduces male mating behaviors; disappearing in order
  2. androgen replacement restores male mating behaviors; reapearring in order
  3. Sequential ordering of mating behavior suggests that mounting, intromission, and ejaculation have different sensitivities to androgens
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3
Q

Amount of testosterone needed to restore full sexual behavior is …………. if treatment begins after all sexual behavior stops (restoration) than if it begins after castration (maintenance)

A

greater

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4
Q

Restoration requires ……. doses because androgen receptors ……. without exposure to circulating androgens

A

higher doses
receptors decrease

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5
Q

Seasonal breeders like hamsters undergo natural………. each year

A

castration

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6
Q

natural castration

A
  • Testes regression, sex hormones decline, mating stops in the fall (short days)
  • Require more testosterone to maintain sexual behaviors
  • Even more testosterone is required to initiate sexual behaviors in spring
  • If give testosterone immediately after castration need less
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7
Q

how can erections in rats be induced?

A
  • Naturally by electrical stimulation of the cavernous nerve
  • by retraction of the penile shaft
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8
Q

evidence for relationship between penile responses and male sexual behavior

A

Amount of testes to maintain penile reflex and mating behavior is way less than what was originally flowing through the blood

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9
Q

what are the 3 penile reflexes

A
  1. Erection and mounts
  2. Flips and intromissions
  3. Cups and ejaculations
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10
Q

evidence that entire erectile repertoire programmed in the spinal cord

A

persists when spinal cord is severed in brain → brain sends inhibitory signals

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11
Q

testosterone metabolites

A
  1. Estrogen (estradiol): affects CNS to promote male mating behavior
  2. DHT: affects neurons in PNS (penile sensitivity) to maintain tactile sensory feedback (positive feedback loop)
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12
Q

POA

A

critical for integrating environmental, physiological, and psychological information prior to and during mating

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13
Q

POA lesions

A
  • Eliminate sexual performance (male rat mounting behavior) but not sexual motivation- not restored by testosterone
  • Disrupt connections to dopaminergic neurons in brain- dopamine treatment transiently activates mating in POA lesioned animals
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14
Q

how do drugs that increase dopamine synthesis affect rats?

A

increases mating

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15
Q

where are receptors that bind endogenous opioids with rewarding effects?

A

POA

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16
Q

POA lesion vs stimulation

A

lesion: disrupt copulation in rats
stimulation: accelerates ejaculation

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17
Q

Optogenetics

A

can selectively activate specific neurons in a circuit using light

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18
Q

VMH neurons

A
  • more active during aggression and less active during mating
  • Need low VMH activity to mate because otherwise will beat up female
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19
Q

FOS activation

A

chemosensory cues, ejaculation, consummatory behaviors

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20
Q

Neural circuit for male sexual behavior in rodents

A
  1. female
  2. OB
  3. amygdala
  4. POA
  5. midbrain
  6. brainstem
  7. spinal cord
  8. penile erection
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21
Q

3 major integrative dopaminergic systems

A
  1. Nigrostriatal tract
  2. POA
  3. Mesolimbic tract
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22
Q

integrative dopaminergic systems characteristics

A
  • Regulate motivation, genital responses, and copulation body postures
  • All pump dopamine into circuit to turn off the signal coming from the brain
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23
Q

Dopamine

A
  • facilitates sexual behavior by removing tonic inhibition (break in pathway)
  • We can measure dopamine levels in POA by microdialysis
  • Increases in POA in presence of estrous female
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24
Q

how does castration affect dopamine?

A
  • usually weakens dopamine increase in POA, can be restored with testosterone
  • Castration + copulation = still see increase in dopamine in POA
    Testosterone increases the probability that dopamine will be released, not essential
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25
Q

hypogonadal/castrated men can copulate ………

A

normally

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26
Q

Coolidge effect

A

male rat will mate to satiation with estrous female, but will often immediately resume copulation when presented with new estrous female

Species specific- common in rats. Absent in voles, enormous individual differences in humans

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27
Q

Social environment of mating rodents is artificially simplified in labs

A
  • rats in nature do not mate in pairs
  • Rats mated in groups more closely approximates nature: rats can mate at different optimal pace for fulfilling their respective neuroendocrine stimulus requirements
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28
Q

how does presence of female rats affect men rats?

A
  • affects both male sexual motivation and performance
  • increases LH and testosterone in males
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29
Q

Involuntary classical conditioning of male sexual behavior widespread

A
  • Male rats spend more time in the side of a cage (in lab) or burrow (in wild) where they previously copulated
  • Male rodents unconsciously conditioned themselves- the side of the cage is better because mate more there
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30
Q

Individual differences in male rodent mating behavior

A
  • All given sample dose, all went back to their original levels
  • [Androgen] in blood not the cause of sex drive, but different could exist in target tissue sensitivity to estrogens
  • Same dose will activate more/less depending on how sensitive the receptors are in that animal
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31
Q

evidence that very low levels of testosterone can maintain normal sexual behavior

A
  • Normal male sexual behavior restored in castrated male rats when given clinically testosterone
  • POA testosterone metabolism is similar between sexually active and inactive rats but estrogen receptors reduced
  • Low estrogen in males = less sexually active
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32
Q

evidence that bird appetitive and consummatory mating behavior highly dependent on androgens

A
  • Mating behavior disappears immediately after castration
  • Resumes after androgen treatment
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33
Q

reasoning for ring doves to convert testosterone into estrogen in the brain

A

to switch from aggressive courtship behavior to nest-oriented behavior

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34
Q

Japanese quail reproductive behaviors

A
  • Exhibit no reproductive behaviors (do not incubate their eggs)
  • Hormonal effects on sexual behavior can be separated from effects on other reproductive behaviors
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35
Q

Japanese quail copulation sequence

A

(10-15 seconds)
1. Male struts around
2. Male crows
3. Male grabs neck of female and mounts her
4. Male positions cloaca against female’s cloaca

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36
Q

castration and testosterone replacement on Japanese quail

A
  • Castration eliminates all behaviors
  • testosterone replacement restores
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37
Q

How do Japanese quail restore quail copulation after castration?

A

testosterone must be converted to estrogen by aromatase

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38
Q

what does DHT replacement restore in Japanese quail?

A

strutting and crowing

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39
Q

what can estrogen do in POA?

A

stimulate dopamine in POA to promote sexual motivation

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40
Q

Golden-collared manakins

A
  • Elaborate courtship behavior- wing snap
  • Activated by ANDROGENS, not estrogens
  • Reduced by antiandrogens
  • Testosterone acts on motor neurons in spinal cord that control wing movements
  • Testosterone treatment in juveniles and females will produce wing snap behavior
  • Androgen specific effect- testosterone doesn’t get turned into estrogen
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41
Q

what is closely correlated with vaginal cytology?

A

changes in ovarian function

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42
Q

what stops after ovariectomy?

A
  • Both estrous behavior and cycles of vaginal cytology
  • ovaries must produce a cyclic signal that drives these changes
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43
Q

Metestrus/ diestrus

A
  • cornified epithelial cells, leukocytes
  • Maturation and development of ovarian follicles
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44
Q

Proestrus

A
  • behavioral estrus (when mating occurs)
  • Nucleated epithelial cells
  • Maximum follicular development
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45
Q

Vaginal estrus

A
  • Follicles rupture following ovulation, which releases eggs
  • Formation of corpora lutea
    Cornified epithelial cells
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46
Q

what happens in the cycle if pregnancy does not occur?

A

corpora lutea degenerates and the estrous cycle continues (no more progesterone?)

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47
Q

what happens in cycle if female becomes pregnant?

A
  • corpora lutea remains large throughout pregnancy (produce progesterone and estrogen)
  • estrous cycle is suspended until birth
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48
Q

what stops estrous cycle if succesfully impregnated?

A

progesterone

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49
Q

what happens with a pseudopregnancy

A
  • if mating is sterile, corpora lutea remain large for 14 days before regressing and estrous cycle is suspended
  • hormonally identical to luteal phase in non-pregnant cycle
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50
Q

how long is canine estrous cycle?

A

7-8 months

51
Q

canine estrus

A
  • 7-10 days
  • Ovulation and mounting occurs, lordosis in females
52
Q

canine diestrus

A
  • 2-3 months
  • Corpora lutea are maintained
53
Q

canine anestrus

A
  • 4-5 months
  • Corpora lutea regress
54
Q

canine proestrus

A
  • 10 days
  • Follicles grow and secrete estrogens
55
Q

what do dogs do after copulation?

A

lock together to ensure sperm transmission and fertilization

56
Q

estrous female dogs characteristics

A
  • exhibit substance mate selectivity
  • their urine is attractive chemosensory signal to male dogs
57
Q

female primate mating behavior

A
  • Male mounts female from behind
  • No lordosis- male chimpanzees have enough manual dexterity to compensate for postural differences among females
  • Some primates (marmosets) have clearly defined estrous cycles, mating limited to estrus
  • Other primates (bonobos, humans) do not limit sexual activity to a particular time
  • In female “higher primates”, sexual motivation in relation to fertility is coupled to ovarian hormones, but sexual motivation in relation to social goals is uncoupled
58
Q

what 3 components do sex steroids (androgens) affect?

A
  1. attractivity
  2. proceptivity
  3. receptivity
59
Q

attractivity definition

A

Stimulus value of female for a particular male, must be inferred by male behavior

60
Q

Proceptivity

A
  • Extent to which a female initiates copulation
  • reflects underlying motivational state (“libido” or “sex drive”)
61
Q

Receptivity

A
  • state of responsiveness to mating by another individual
  • female reactions needed for mating to happen
62
Q

female monkey experiment attractivity, proceptivity, receptivity

A

Attractivity- Male mounting rate
Proceptivity- How long it takes to press lever 250 times
Receptivity- Number of ejaculations

  • Female monkey trained to press lever 250 times to get access to mate
  • Female sexual behavior maximum around time of ovulation (peak estrogen)
63
Q

Female attractivity

A
  • how attractive the female is TO MALES
  • Measured by preference- extent to which a male prefers to be near one female compared to others
  • 3-chamber preference test used
  • Male rodent spend majority of test period with female to which he is more attracted
64
Q

what do female morphological changes coincide with?

A

ovulation (high estrogen)

65
Q

female baboons in estrus

A
  • experience swelling of the perineum
  • Male baboons spend more time looking at and approaching females with swellings
  • Male monkeys much more likely to mount ovariectomized females injected with estrogen, but there are enormous individual differences in attractivity (mounting behavior)

Evolutionary perspective- high estrogen = maximal fertility, so females are considered most attractive to males when they are most fertile

66
Q

Chemosensory cues
that are attractive to males

A
  • female urine and vaginal secretions
  • males discriminate estrus from anestrous through these signals processed through vomeronasal organ
67
Q

Flehmen response

A

male horses curl back their upper lips to reveal the upper gums to allow female chemosignal to be delivered to VNO

68
Q

Vomeronasal organ

A
  • Present in humans
  • Blocking VNO does not alter ability of humans to detect pheromones → primary olfactory system sufficient for pheromone processing
  • Unclear if male humans or higher primates use VNO to select mates
69
Q

female behavior

A
  • May increase her attractiveness to males
  • Females that actively solicit mating have higher “stimulus value” (attractivity) to males
  • Male non-human primates spend more time with females that engage in presentation behavior: present their genitalia to males and back up into them
  • Almost all contacts prior to mating between male and female non-human primates initiated by females
  • Attractivity not solely hormonal: individual preferences across species (female very attractive to one male but unattractive to another)
70
Q

how can female proceptivity be measured?

A

by assessing affiliative behaviors: efforts of females to establish and maintain proximity to males

71
Q

evidence that estrogen enhances proceptivity in absence of male interest

A
  • Nonbreeding season: males not responsive to females
  • Ovariectomized, estrogen-supplemented females greatly increase their frequency of sexual initiation
72
Q

during what phase do women prefer males with masculine traits? and why?

A
  • follicular phase
  • Brain activation to masculine faces (high testosterone) changes with menstrual cycle
  • Proceptive behavior (seeking males) increased during follicular phase to maximize reproductive success
73
Q

Behavioral measure

A

atio between male’s attempt to mate with a female and his success in doing so (“lordosis quotient” in rodents)

74
Q

evidence that mating posture goes away without estrogen

A

Mating posture disappears in ovariectomized females of most species

75
Q

evidence that hormones may not influence receptivity in primate and humans

A

will mate at all stages of ovarian cycle

Birth control pills may increase or decrease sexual motivation

76
Q

Hormonal control of receptivity in females can be affected by social factors

A
  • If female monkeys are tested with one male in small area = no relationship between estrogen and receptivity
  • When females tested in mixed social groups in large areas = clear relationship between receptivity and estrogen
  • Females risk aggression from other females when they solicit males (aversive) → sexual motivation must be high to overcome this aversion
77
Q

Estrous female rodents do not exhibit mate selectivity in lab settings

A
  • Wild rodents live in demes (breeding units with few adult males, several females, and their offspring)
  • Wild rodents mate in groups, pacing of mating behavior under control of female rodent: burrows and runaway systems promote slower mating pace
  • Estrous female rodents exhibit mate selectivity in the wild (mate sequentially with several males)
  • First and last males to mate sire (are the father of) more offspring than other males
  • Females can choose the sires of her offspring
78
Q

Paced paired mating tests

A
  • female rats are provided with an “escape” area from the male
  • Females in paced paired test stay away from male for longer time after intromission than standard mating
79
Q

Between female rodents in the lab and in the wild, who avoids males after intromission for longer?

A

wild

80
Q

how can female rodents discriminate among different types of vaginal stimulation? what disrupts this?

A
  • mount intromission, ejaculation
  • perineal anesthesia disrupts
81
Q

Spontaneous vs induced pseudopregnancy

A

spontaneous- corpora lutea always follow ovulation
induced- corpora lutea require additional stimulus to develop

82
Q

rats and mice estrous cycle

A

4-5

83
Q

when do rabbits mate?

A

any time during breeding season

84
Q

when are Golden-mantled ground squirrels estrous?

A

only a few hours per year during a single morning

85
Q

Ovarian cycles in primates and humans

A

Menstrual cycles

86
Q

how many follicles develop in primates and humans per cycle?

A

1

87
Q

what happens to Corpus luteum after ovulation in primates and rodents?

A

primates- maintained
rodents- degraded

88
Q

rodent vs primate estrogen/progesterone peak timing

A

rodent- estrogen/progesterone peak at about the same time
primate- progesterone peaks later than estrogen

89
Q

3 types of female reproductive cycles

A
  1. spontaneous ovluation and pseudopregnancy (humans, other primates)
  2. conpulation- induced ovulation, spontanous pseudopregnangcy (cats, ferrets)
  3. spontaneous ovulation, induced pseudopregnancy (rats, mice, hamster)
90
Q

what happens in the primate body during menstruation?

A
  • endometrial layer of uterus shed if not pregnant
  • Low estrogen and progesterone
91
Q

follicular phase

A
  • begins at the end of menstruation and ends at ovulation
  • LH and FSH released by pituitary stimulates follicular development
  • Follicles develop and secret estrogen
  • High estrogen positive feedback → LH surge → ovulation
92
Q

luteal phase

A
  • begins at ovulation, continues until onset of menstruation
  • Low estrogen neg feedback → reduced LH and FSH
  • Corpora lutea develop and secrete progesterone
93
Q

how do chemical signals affect rodents?

A
  • from females: suppress ovarian functions
  • from males: accelerate puberty, induce estrus, or interrupt pregnancy (induces abrupt release of LH to stimulate follicular growth)
94
Q

human pheromone expeirment

A
  • conclusion: pheromones may unconsciously affect human menstrual cycle
  • pads from follicular phase accelerated LH surge and shortened menstrual cycle of recipient
  • pads from ovulation delayed LH surge and lengthened menstrual cycle of recipient
95
Q

how do receiptive fields respond to estrogen?

A

expand

96
Q

4 hypotheses to explain hormonal regulation of neural circuits controlling lordosis

A
  1. Trigger hypothesis- brief pulse of estrogen sets off a chain of events that culminates in lordosis
  2. Maintenance hypothesis- estrogen must be present continually to result in lordosis
  3. Cascade hypothesis- estrogen “primes” the VMH for subsequent estrogenic facilitation of lordosis; Most supported
  4. Estrogen must be present at specific, critical times for lordosis to occur
97
Q

neural model of lordosis

A
  1. forebrain- inhbits lordosis
  2. hypothalamus- POA inhibited by estrogen; VMH activated by estrogen
  3. midbrain- activated by steroid hormones and peptide signals from hypothalamus
  4. lower brain stem- integrates info about posture from vestibular system, proprioceptor
  5. Spinal cord- processes sensory input, products motor output
98
Q

Precocial offspring

A
  • well developed at birth; require little or no parental care
  • Mothers require a greater initial investment (before birth), but lesser post-natal investment
99
Q

Altricial offspring

A
  • immature, helpless; may or may not display parental care
  • Some produce large numbers of offsprings; no parental care
  • Fewer offsprings; more parental care
100
Q

Semi-precocial offsprings

A

need parental care but can thermoregulate, cling to mother

101
Q

Maternal aggression

A

mothers fiercely defend young from intruders, even if previously docile, because maternal behavior triggered by hormonal state (even after C section)

102
Q

sex differences in parental behavior

A

males- concentrate effort on mating
Males who pass up additional mating opportunities to help raise their offspring are at an evolutionary disadvantage (unless offspring survival requires parental assistance from 2 adults → Paternal care is relatively rare)

females- concentrate on parental are

103
Q

Parental behavior in birds

A

nest building, egg incubation, taking care of hatched young

104
Q

why is bird parental care common in males?

A

because males area equally capable as females in providing parental care (compare to mammals, only females lactate)

105
Q

chicken vs pigeon/dove parental care

A

chickens- high economic value so lots of interest, but behavior rare among birds in that only mother provides care
pigeons/doves- biparental care; both sexes engage in full parental care and produce crop milk in response to prolactin signals

106
Q

Types of avian parental care

A
  • Nest parasites (cuckoos)
  • Female only (chickens)
  • Male-only (malees, jacanas)
  • Biparental (>60% of all birds)
107
Q

Broodiness

A
  • maternal behavior in hens, sitting on eggs in a nest or covering/warming young under wing
  • Blood serum from broody hen can induce a non-incubating hen to sit on a nest (due to prolactin)
  • After maternal behavior has been initiated by hormones, any kind of touch maintains broodiness (activates circuit)
108
Q

female bird prolactin

A
  • prolactin increases during egg laying and remain high during incubation
  • decline at hatching in birds with precocial offpsring
  • declines after hatching in birds with altricial offspring
109
Q

female bird steroid hormones traits

A
  • Increase with reproductive behavior
  • Peak during egg laying
  • Decline during incubation
110
Q

what evokes incubation in female ringdoves?

A

progesterone and high estrogen → sustained prolactin

111
Q

how does ovariectomy affect female ringdoves?

A

eliminates nest building and incubation → restored with estrogen and progesterone injection (not either alone)

112
Q

how does prolactin affect female ringdoves?

A

stimulates brooding, crop sac development

113
Q

how can stress impact maternal care?

A

elevated coritcosterone decreases prolactin secretion

114
Q

male ringdoves

A
  • Testosterone not necessary for nest-building, stimuli from female induce males to build nests
  • Testosterone necessary for the onset of incubation
  • Prolactin required for broodiness, crop milk production
115
Q

scrub jay alloparents

A
  • (“helpers”, typically older siblings)
  • Have higher prolactin levels than non-breeding non-helpers
  • Male helpers have lower testosterone and prolactin than fathers
  • Female helpers have lower prolactin than mothers but varying estrogen levels
116
Q

what neural region is associated with avian parental behavior?

A

POA
* Essential for parental behavior
* Have neurons that produce VIP and increase in activity during nesting
* Prolactin binding to POA receptors much greater in birds that exhibit parental care (TARGET TISSUE SENSITIVITY)
* In males, testosterone reduces paternal care but does not increase prolactin in the POA

117
Q

Eutherian

A

mammals that have placenta during pregnancy, widest variety of maternal care

118
Q

Conditioned place preference

A

do mothers prefer a chamber previously associated with pups or cocaine?
* Early postpartum: most mothers preferred chamber that had pups
* Late postpartum: most preferred chamber where they received cocaine
* Postpartum day 10: equal preference- motivational state shift?

119
Q

Parabiosis

A
  • connecting the circulatory system of 2 animals
  • Blood of female that just delivered exchanged with that of a nulliparous female
  • Nulliparous female exhibited maternal behavior within 1 day: blood-borne factor (hormones)
120
Q

Oxytocin

A

rapidly induces maternal behavior in rats (does not cross bbb)

121
Q

what hormone is activated by parturition?

A

oxytocin

122
Q

3 stages of rodent maternal behavior

A
  1. Mother-initiated pup contact: mother provides chemosensory cues for pups to attach to nipple
  2. Mutually-initiated pup contact: contact maintained by tactile stimuli from pups
  3. Maternal rejection of pups and separation: Rejection due to elevated maternal prolactin and corticosterone = Increased body temp; Pups separate due to loss of attraction to maternal caecotrophs, stimulated by prolactin
123
Q

mammalian paternal behavior 2 main requirements

A
  1. Female unable to rear offspring successfully without male support
  2. Certainty of paternity must be very high
124
Q
A

Biol 405: Comparative Endocrinology (5 decks)

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