Exam 2 Flashcards
refers to the process of relationship bonding whereby individuals move from superficial communication to more intimate communication.
social penetration
refers to a standard representing what people feel they should receive in the way of rewards and costs from a particular relationship. Based on past experience/ Based on observations of relationships of others
Comparison level (CL)
refers to the minimum level of relational rewards that an individual is willing to accept.
Comparison level for alternatives (CLalt)
refers to the notion that people in a relationship are interdependent
Totality
refers to opposition—two elements that contradict each other
1. Dialectics are the result of these oppositions.
Contradiction
refers to the changing nature of relationships over time
Motion
refers to the notion that humans are rational decision makers.
Praxis
When private information is shared, the boundary around it is called a__________
and the information is not only about the self; it belongs to the relationship.
Collective Boundary
When private information remains with an individual and is not disclosed, the boundary is called a
Personal Boundary
which refers to how information that is co-owned is managed
Boundary coordination
refers to the connections that form boundary alliances between people.
Boundary Linkage
refers to how much information is able to pass through the boundary.
Boundary permeability
exists when the rules of boundary coordination are unclear or when people’s expectations for privacy management come into conflict with one another.
Boundary turbulence
______ rhetoric refers to speaking in courtrooms. Focuses on past
Forensic
______ or ceremonial oratory refers to speeches given in public arenas with the goal of praising, honoring, blaming, or shaming. Focus on the present
Epideictic
_________ rhetoric is a type of speaking designed to determine an audience’s course of action. Politics. Persuade or dissuade, focus on the future
Deliberative
can be defined as a set of propositions that are related to one another and draw a conclusion from the major and minor premise. 2 promises for a conclusion (always 3) all men are mortal, Aritotle is a men = Aristotle is mortal
1. This is a deductive argument.
Syllogism
can be defined as a syllogism based on probabilities, signs and examples. Only 2 segments.: Because all men are mortal, Aristolte is mortal
Enthymeme
The climate in which social penetration theory was developed
Honesty is the best policy
The outer layer of the onion represents an individual’s____
public image
The central layers of the onion represent
aspects of the self that are revealed through self-disclosure
_______ or the process of revealing information about oneself to others, is at the core of relational development.
Self-disclosure
Self-disclosure can be ____ or _____
Strategic or non-strategic
refers to those times when people reveal information to complete strangers in public places. Non-strategic disclosure
Stranger on the train
refers to the number of topics discussed in a relationship
Breadth
refers to the degree of intimacy that guides topic discussions
Depth
As relationships move toward intimacy, there is an ______ in breadth and depth in disclosure.
increase
Which stage of SPT ?
a. This occurs at the public level.
b. Communication is typically at a superficial level. Interactants are cautious about revealing too much information about themselves to one another.
c. Behavior is guided by norms of appropriateness.
Orientation stage
What are the 4 stage of social penetration
- Orientation stage
- Exploratory affective stage
- Affective exchange stage
- Stable exchange stage
Which stage of SPT ?
a. Some private aspects of one’s life now become public.
b. Communication becomes more spontaneous.
c. Few relationships surpass this stage.
Exploratory affective stage
Which stage of SPT ?
a. Interactions are very relaxed and casual.
b. Personal idioms, or private ways of expressing intimacy, are used.
Affective exchange stage
Which stage of SPT ?
a. Communication is characterized by open expression of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, which results in a high degree of spontaneity.
b. Dyadic uniqueness, or distinctive relationship qualities, such as humor and sarcasm, emerge. A relationship get treated as a one
c. Few relationships ever reach this stage.
Very hard to get to this stage. Very efficient communication
Stable exchange stage
Assumptions of social exchange theory about human nature
- Humans seek rewards and avoid punishment.
- Humans are rational beings.
- The standards that humans use to evaluate costs and rewards vary over time and from person to person.
Assumptions of SET about the nature of relationships
- Relationships are interdependent. (prisoners-dilemma)
- Relational life is a process. Dynamic
Outcome > CL> CLalt =
CL> CLalt > Outcome =
CL> Outcome > CLalt =
CLalt > Outcome > CL=
Outcome > CL> CLalt = Satisfying and stable
CL> CLalt > Outcome = Unsatisfying and unstable
CL> Outcome > CLalt = Unsatisfying and stable
CLalt > Outcome > CL= Satisfying and unstable
CL (comparison level) provides a measure of
satisfaction
CLalt (comparison level for alternative provides a measure of
stability
refers to the behavioral choices and outcomes that are determined by a combination of internal (personality, skills) and external (family influence, media) factors. Options available given internal and external constraints
given matrix
Exchange patterns
represents the variety of alternative behaviors and outcomes that guide an individual’s choice for behavior in the social exchange. The transformation one is able to make in the given matrix. Change it to look more like the dispositional matrix
Effective matrix
is used to illustrate the way in which two people believe that rewards should be exchanged between them in the relationship. Beliefs about how rewards should be exchanged
Dispositional Matrix
Which are the 3 exchange structures ?
- Direct exchanges are exchanges where two people reciprocate costs and rewards.
- Generalized exchanges are exchanges where reciprocation involves the social network and isn’t confined to two individuals. Not direct
- Productive exchanges are exchanges where both partners incur costs and benefits simultaneously. Group project
Criticisms of social exchange theory
Limitations : testability, Utility, scope
strength : heurism
the ______ approach views contradictions in a relationship to be “either/or” in nature (i.e., a relationship is either close or it is distant).
Monologic
The ______ approach views contradictions in a relationship as being separate and unrelated to one another and assumes that relationships may be evaluated differently at different times (e.g., measuring the level of closeness that one partner feels and then measuring the perceptions of the other partner). Pulled both direction at the same time
Dualistic
Which theories have overlapping assumptions
CPM & RDT
Communication privacy management & relational dialectics theory
Assumptions of relational dialectics theory
4
A. relationship are not linear
B. Relational life is characterized by change.
C. Contradiction is the fundamental fact of relational life.
D. Communication is central to organizing and negotiating relational contradictions. Communication = Main way to manage
The three basic dialectics that marks our relationships RDT
Autonomy and connection
Openness and protection
Novelty and predictability
4 responses to dialectics
- Cyclic alternation
- Segmentation
- Selection
- Integration
Which response to dialectics ?
a. People choose one of the opposing tensions to feature at a particular point in time and alternate this with the other.
b. Siblings may favor autonomy in their teen years but seek closeness in their adult relationships.
Cyclic alternation
Which response to dialectics ?
a. Partners isolate separate areas of the relationship in which the tensions will be highlighted or emphasized.
b. A married couple who own and operate a business together might stress predictability in the workplace but novelty when they are together at home.
Segmentation
Which response to dialectics ?
a. People choose between the opposing tensions.
b. Partners who choose to be close at all times, doing all activities together, are ignoring their need for autonomy.
Selection
Which response to dialectics ?
a. People synthesize opposing tensions.
b. There are three forms of
Integration
what are the 3 types of integration ?
i. Neutralizing involves arriving at a compromise between the opposing tensions (e.g., a “happy medium”).
ii. Reframing requires that the partners transform the dialectic in some way so that it no longer seems to contain an opposition (e.g., viewing a relationship’s closeness as a function of their ability to be separate from one another). Changing how you think.
iii. Disqualifying neutralizes the dialectical tension by eliminating or exempting certain issues from the general pattern of communication (e.g., a family that is generally open about communication except on certain taboo topics such as sex or money).
The role of disclosure (and type of disclosure) in social penetration theory versus communication privacy management theory
- The process of communicating this information is referred to as Private disclosure, NOT self-disclosure.
a. Private disclosure puts more emphasis on the personal content of the disclosure than does traditional self-disclosure literature.
b. These disclosures do not have to be about the self.
c. CPM does not conflate self-disclosure with intimacy.
Assumptions of communication privacy management theory
- Humans are choice makers.
- Humans are rule makers and followers.
- Humans’ choices and rules are based on a consideration for others as well as the self.
Criticisms of communication privacy management theory
One criticism questions whether CPM is Logical inconsistency.
Assumptions of groupthink theory
A. Groupthink is a theory associated with Small group communication
1. Two types of groups susceptible to group think are problem-solving groups and Task-oriented groups.
B. Homogeneity sets the stage of group think
Antecedent conditions to groupthink
3
A. High cohesiveness of the decision-making group. Highest chance to experience groupthink situation
B. Specific structural characteristics of the environment surrounding the group impact the decision-making process.
C. Stress placed on individual group members may increase the potential for groupthink to occur.
Which are the 3 categories of symptoms of groupthink ?
overestimation of the group
closed-mindedness
pressures toward uniformity.
- Overestimation of the group is the erroneous belief that the group is more than it actually is; there are two specific symptoms related to this:
a. Illusion of invulnerability refers to a group’s belief that it is special enough to overcome obstacles. The group can survive anything
b. Belief in the inherent morality of the group refers to the belief that the group members are thoughtful and good, therefore the decisions they make will be good.
- Closed-mindedness of the group is the willingness of the group to ignore (feedback) differences in people and warnings about poor group decisions; there are two specific symptoms related to this:
a. Out-group stereotypes are held by a group about its adversaries or rivals. Often, groups assume that these “enemies” are not intelligent enough to negatively impact the decisions that are made.
b. Collective rationalization refers to the commitment of the group to ignore any warnings that might cause group members to reconsider their thoughts and actions prior to making the final group decision.
- Pressures toward uniformity within the group occur when group members go along to get along; there are four symptoms in this category:
a. Self-censorship refers to the minimization of personal doubts and counterarguments by individual group members. Individuals refrain from expressing opposing views.
b. Illusion of unanimity refers to the group’s perception that all members are in agreement. Members usually remain silent when asked if they have additional information or comments, and the silence is perceived as consent.
c. Self-appointed mindguards are group members who protect or shield the group from adverse information. These mindguards believe that they are acting in the best interests of the group.
d. Pressures on dissenters refers to the pressure placed on individuals who express opinions or viewpoints that are contrary to those held by the other group member
Criticisms of groupthink theory
B. Some scholars have questioned its testability, pointing to some validity problems.
The assumptions of organizational culture theory
Know that organizations are likened to spider webs
He believes that culture is like the webs spun by a spider. That is, webs are intricate designs, and each web is different from all others.
Symbols of an organizational culture
a. physical symbols -buildings, decor, material objects, logos
b. Behavioral symbols -ceremonies, rituals, communication patterns, rewards or punishments
c. Verbal symbols -jokes, jargon, nicknames, stories, metaphors
