Exam 2

Question 1

What are limitations in research?

Answer 1

• lack of human industrial exposure histories: it’s difficult to determine exposures to solvents and noise level exposures.
• confounding factors: ototoxic drugs, aging, non-work exposure, alcohol use.
• experimental settings: different than actual work exposure.

Question 2

Aminoglycosides

Answer 2

up to 33% of patients using these antibiotics experience hearing damage or even permanent hearing loss.
- they can stay in your ear for months after you’ve stopped taking them.

Question 3

industrial chemicals - aromatic solvents

Answer 3

ototaumatic interactions between noise and solvents. –> higher hearing loss.
- solvents are species specific.

alylbenzenes
- toluene found in paints, degreasers, adhesives, so many things,
- position of functional group = whether or not an ototoxic.

• human studies: shown that its dependent on noise intensity and solvent exposure. (fueling airplane)

Question 4

theres another reason they can be ototoxic

Answer 4

2 muscles: tesnor tympani and stapedius- connected directly to bone in ear –> tighens up to reduces noise that reaches cohclea = prtotective mechanism –> solvent and loud noise–> reches cochlea bc it prevents it form tightening up ??(interrupted function, not damaged).

Question 5

industrial chemicals - nonaromatic solvents

Answer 5

coexpersion

carbon monoxide

metals - Ld and Mercury

Question 6

What are some classes or specific examples of medications that can cause hearing loss?

Answer 6

aminoglycosin antibiotics that affect gram negative bacteria.

ibuprofen and aspirin

shooting ranges- has lots of lead contamination.

Question 7

What are some classes or specific examples of chemicals that can cause hearing loss?

Question 8

What structures in the ear are damaged?

Answer 8

sterocillia of nerve cells.