Exam 2

Question 1

name 8 modifiable risk factors associated with osteoporosis

Answer 1

Limiting alcohol intake
Avoiding smoking
Inactivity and lack of exercise
Vitamin D or C deficiency
Chronic steroid use
Low body weight
Nutrition
estrogen or androgen deficiency

Question 2

What age does osteoclastic activity start to exceed osteoblastic?

Answer 2

30 years old

Question 3

What is the T score of someone with osteopenia?

Answer 3

-1 to -2.5

Question 4

What is a healthy individuals T score?

Answer 4

0 to -1

Question 5

What is the T score of someone with osteoporosis?

Answer 5

-2.5 or lower

Question 6

What portions of the body are most likely to fracture first and why?

Answer 6

The spinal column, hip, and wrists because trabecular or cancellous bone (spongy) is the first thing lost versus compact

Question 7

What is the difference between primary and secondary osteoporosis?

Answer 7

Primary osteoporosis is caused by post menopause or late stages of life.

Secondary osteoporosis is caused by prolonged medical treatments with drugs like corticosteroids, medical conditions like hyperparathyroidism, and prolonged immobility.

Question 8

What is osteomalacia and how is it different from osteoporosis?

Answer 8

Osteomalacia is bone softening cause by lack of vitamin D and bone calcification and osteoporosis is decreased bone density caused by multiple things but primarily because of decreased calcium, estrogen, and testosterone.

Question 9

What are some NONMODIFIABLE risk factors associated with osteoporosis?

Answer 9

Eating disorders
Parental history of the disease especially on mothers side
History of total hysterectomy or removal of ovaries
Menopause
Older age (over 50)
History of fractures at an older age
White or Asian ethnicity

Question 10

Why is a thinner woman more likely to develop osteoporosis compared to a larger woman?

Answer 10

After menopause estrogen levels decrease for women but a larger woman is able to store more of the hormone in tissue and use it to maintain adequate levels of serum calcium.

Question 11

Why does excessive amount of caffeine intake increase your risk for osteoporosis?

Answer 11

Because more calcium is lost in urine output

Question 12

How does a poor diet cause osteoporosis?

Answer 12

If you are not eating food with Vitamin C then your parathyroid gland is stimulated releasing parathyroid hormone which pulls calcium from the bony matrix

Question 13

Does drinking carbonated beverages increase your risk for osteoporosis?

Answer 13

Yes, drinking carbonated beverages increases phosphorus in the body which has been linked to calcium loss.

Question 14

Where is calcium absorbed?

Answer 14

small intestine

Question 15

What type of assessment should the nurse do for someone suspected of having lower bone density?

Answer 15

Fall risk assessment
History to help identify risk factors both modifiable and nonmodifiable
Compare height and weight measurements to previous data because someone with bone loss may experience height loss
Kyphosis may be an indicator of bone loss
Psychosocial assessment is important because of the perceived body image or fear of fractures
Calcium and Vitamin D lab work (at least once a year)

Question 16

Granulation tissue

Answer 16

may be pale pink to beefy red; healthy tissue is slight spongy and moist.

Question 17

cellulitis

Answer 17

Inflammation of the skin and tissue beyond the area of injury

Question 17

Eschar

Answer 17

Necrotic tissue that appears like a layer of black, gray, or brown collagen; may be dry and leathery (in early stages) or full of exudate and yellow or tan in appearance.