exam 2 Flashcards
describe the brain growth in infancy and toddlerhood. what affects brain and physical growth during this period?
in infancy and toddlerhood heredity and early experiences can contribute to brain contributions. brain growth is also shown with their neurons and other things like that. the synapses form very quickly especially for the visual and auditory areas of the cerebral cortex. then language and then the prefrontal cortex. in each brain area there is a lot of growth. growth is from nutrition and attention towards the baby (but not too much attention). good nutrition and stimulation can also affect myelination for brain growth. physical growth is affected by breast feeding/bottle feeding, sex differences, and hereditary factors as well.
What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning? How does this demonstrate infant learning?
classical conditioning is a learning form when one stimulus is paired with another stimulus, and it creates a response that is like a reflex this can be demonstrated in infant learning because it is based on the infants ability to associate different events that can occur in the everyday world. Operant conditioning is when infants act on the environment or anything around them and their behavior either causes there to be reinforcement, reward, or a punishment. Operant conditioning can be displayed in infant learning by letting them see what is good to do and what is not good to do.
Give an example of cephalocaudal and proximodistal development in terms of motor skills.
Cephalocaudal development in terms of motor skills is a child being able to move their head different ways before being able to grasp things with their hands or walk.
Proximodistal development in terms of motor skills is being able to roll around before being able to crawl with their arms and legs.
What is the difference between habituation and recovery? How does this relate to infant memory (Ch. 5)?
Habituation is when there is a reduction in the strength of a response due to a repetitive stimulation. An individual stops responding to something if it is repeated over and over. Recovery is when a new stimulus or even a change in the environment causes a high level of responsiveness, something different occurs. Both of these relate to infant memory because they help infants tune out things that either are not important or they notice a change and like when something new occurs.
What is the order that gross and fine motor skills develop in infants/toddlers? You don’t need to memorize what month these occur but should know the order they occur
- 6 weeks when an infant is held correctly they can hold their head up and not be wobbly.
- Can lift themselves with their arms
- Rolling from their side to their back
- Being able to grasp cubes with their fingers
- Rolling from their back to their side
- Being able to sit on their own
- Crawling
- Can pull their self up to stand
- Playing pat-a-cake
- Standing on their own
- Walking on their own
- Being able to build two cubed high towers
- Scribbling
- Walking up stairs with the help of another
- Jumping in place
- Walking on their tippy toes
How does visual acuity of babies change? What do they prefer to look at and why? Relate their visual acuity and independent movement to the visual cliff and depth perception
Visual development is one of the things that develops a lot slower compared to other things. As a 2-month-old baby they prefer to look at a person’s eyes and mouth, they look at their eyes because eyes can show emotions and they look at their mouth because interesting noises come out of it. The visual cliff is related to social referencing it was used to measure depth perception, babies who knew how to crawl would avoid the drop off from the experiment, this is related to visual acuity because their care givers would be on the other side of the infant and the infant would not crawl to them if they were frowning. And if the caregiver was smiling most infants would just crawl across to their smiling caregivers.
What are the pros/cons of breast-feeding vs. bottle-feeding?
Good things about breast feeding is providing nutrition’s that are needed, gives a good fat/protein balance, helps protect against diseases, good for developing myelin, and is good for digestion. However, breast feeding can cause overweight babies and the babies need more and cannot go long periods of not feeding. Bottle-feeding pros: can be easier for parents who cannot produce enough milk for their infants. Bottle fed babies can go long periods with not feeding.
ALSO breast feeding does not create attachment.
What is the difference between accommodation and assimilation? Provide an example.
Accommodation is when individuals change old schemes or creating new ones to fit their surroundings, an example of accommodation is infants adjusting their old schemes about birds when learning about an ostrich. Personal example: adjusting my school scheme when starting college, having classes throughout the day, being able to leave whenever, and not having to have to ask to go to the bathroom.
Assimilation is not changing a scheme but adding more information to it. An example for infants is infants learning new information about dogs with different dogs. Personal example: writing, differently with different pens and pencils. example 2: Judah learns to suck on his pacifier and sippy cup the same way.
Why is equilibrium important?
Equilibrium is important because it helps balance things out for us. It is also good because it’s a comfortable balance that helps children assimilate more than accommodating.
Why did he (Piaget) focus so much on schemes? Provide examples of different types of schemes (e.g., cognitive, motor, language, social).
Piaget focused on schemes so much because that was his way to show cognitive development of toddlers. He also did this because there was not any other theories or thoughts on how thinking changes from babies to toddlers. Cognitive: developing a scheme for dogs, something that walks on four legs and has a tail, so if they went to a zoo, they could also think a lion is a dog. Motor: kicking their legs or moving their hands around. Language: using one-word sentences like dog. Social: interacting with other toddlers at a day care.
What occurs in the reflexive schemes substage of the sensorimotor stage?
Reflexive schemes: just newborn reflexes like grabbing an individuals fingers and blinking when there is bright lights.
What occurs in the primary circular reactions substage of the sensorimotor stage?
Primary circular reactions: accidental discovery of what they can do with their own body. Like sucking their toes or their fingers.
What occurs in the secondary circular reactions substage of the sensorimotor stage?
Secondary circular reactions: in this stage babies accidentally do something, then realize “oh this is cool” so they continue to do what they were doing over and over again. example: Judah accidentally tossed his cereal bowl and cereal flew everywhere. he thought that was awesome so he keeps tossing cereal In the air.
What occurs in the coordination of secondary circular reactions substage of the sensorimotor stage?
Coordination of secondary circular reactions: babies intentionally do something to get reactions and what they are doing is goal directed. example: Judah has already figured out that the buttons on the dish washer make a funny noise. so he plays with them OVER AND OVER again, especially when he thinks you are not looking.
What occurs in the tertiary circular reactions substage of the sensorimotor stage?
Tertiary circulary reaction stage: this is their experimental stage, like they throw a toy in the bathtub and It floats, its interesting to them, so they continue to throw different objects into the bathtub seeing which ones float or not.
