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Marine Biology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

phytoplankton

A

unicellular, micro size

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2
Q

seaweed

A

multicellular, macro size

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3
Q

higher plants

A

seagrass, saltmarsh grass, mangrove

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4
Q

structural features of seaweed

A

thallus (body)
blade (leaf)
pneumatocyst (bulb at base of leaf)
stipe (stem)
holdfast (roots)

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5
Q

characteristics of blades

A

not true leaves, no veins

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6
Q

characteristics of pneumatocyst

A

gas filled float to buoy the blades towards the sunlight at the surface

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7
Q

characteristics of stipe

A

stem like, flexible, contain pigment for photosynthesis

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8
Q

characteristics of holdfast

A

no true roots, no absorption or transport function, anchor on hard surfaces

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9
Q

major types of seaweeds

A

green, brown, and red algae

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10
Q

characteristics of green algae

A

found in tidal zones and are subtidal, tropical to temperate

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11
Q

characteristics of brown algae

A

pneumatocyst, found in rocky shores, pelagic

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12
Q

characteristics of kelp

A

found in cold water, temperate and subpolar

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13
Q

characteristics of red algae

A

found in shallow water, simple structure, filamentous, phycobilins make it red

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14
Q

how do seaweeds reproduce

A

vegetative and asexual (most important)
complex and sexual

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15
Q

characteristics of seagrasses

A

flowering plants that reproduce by pollination and have evolved to live in seawater

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16
Q

prerequisites to live in seawater

A

-adapted to saline water
-able to grow completely submersed
-anchored to withstand waves and tides
-water pollinated

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17
Q

characteristics of leaves in seagrass

A

thin and strap like, true leaves with upper and lower surface and veins, can grow in high density

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18
Q

characteristics of roots in seagrass

A

roots are used for anchoring and nutrient absorption, dense, also known as rhizomes

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19
Q

characteristics of flowers/seeds in seagrass

A

miniature, not obvious, small seeds

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20
Q

where are seagrass beds found

A

sandy intertidal zones
subtidal zones: submerged most of the time
sandy sediments
lighted bottom

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21
Q

eel grass

A

most widely distributed seagrass, found in temperate to tropical regions, bay or estuary, shallow, slow water motion, with oxygen poor sediments

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22
Q

turtle grass

A

largest and most robust in florida and caribbean, leaves are ribbon like, wide blades, deep root and rhizome

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23
Q

surf grass

A

found in shallow waters on rocky shores, in high energy low intertidal and shallow subtidal reefs, forms dense beds and attaches to rocks with short roots

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24
Q

salt marsh plant

A

only merged in high tide, land plants, tolerate high salinity, live better in regular soil, true grass

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25
Q

invasive species

A

spartina (salt marsh plant)
salt and dry tolerant, high growth rate, form hybrid species, purposely introduced but cause many ecological problems

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26
Q

mangroves

A

tropical estuary and open coastal lines, intertidal zone, tolerate wide range of salinity, tree species zonation

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27
Q

what are the most important characteristics of algae and flowering plants

A

eukaryotic, multicellular (green algae can be uniceullar), bottom dwelling

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28
Q

what percentage of animal species are invertebrate

A

97%

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29
Q

most invertebrates are from two phyla:

A

mollusca and arthropoda

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30
Q

most invertebrates are found in what environment

A

shallow

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31
Q

the simplest animal

A

phylum porifera (sponge), a pore bearer

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32
Q

characteristics of sponges

A

loose clumps of specialized cells that interact, no true tissue or organs, arranged at cellular level, sessile, asymmetrical, cells can move inside and change shape, can be very colorful

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33
Q

body structure of porifera (pore bearers)

A

ostia- water comes in
osculum- water goes out
pinacocyte- outer layer (flat cells)
collar cell- inner layer (collar cells)
mesohyle- gelatin like middle
specialized cells: sclerocyte and spicule, help to create inflow current, important for feeding

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34
Q

characteristics of spicules

A

defensive, can be shed off, SiO2 or CaCO3, excreted by sclerocyte

35
Q

suspension vs deposit feeding

A

suspension- feed on particles suspended in water
deposit- feed on particles settled on the bottom

36
Q

detritus/carnivorous/mixtrophic sponges

A

detritus- eats dead
carnivorous- hunts for zooplankton
mixtrophic - combination of both

37
Q

how do sponges regenerate

A

asexually by budding or when branches break off

38
Q

hermaphrodites

A

male and female at the same time, this is how sponges sexually reproduce

39
Q

phylum cnidaria

A

jellyfish, sea anemones, corals, hydroids

40
Q

basic characteristics of cnidarians

A

-radial symmetry
-mostly marine
-no organs or organ system
-rudimentary nervous network
-incomplete digestive system

41
Q

two body forms of cnidarians

A

medusa- free swimming form
polyp- attached form

42
Q

what are the epidermis cells in a cnidarian

A

sensory and defensive cells

43
Q

what are the gastrodermis cells in a cnidarian

A

cells that secrete digestive enzymes

44
Q

what are nematocysts

A

stinging cells, used for protection and feeding

45
Q

class scyphozoans

A

jellyfish

46
Q

class anthozoans

A

sea anemones and coral

47
Q

class hydrozoan

A

man o war

48
Q

characteristics of jellyfish

A

polyp in reproductive stage
grow faster in warm water
gelatinous animals that drift with current
large medusae
organized at tissue level

49
Q

characteristics of sea anemone/coral

A

most lack medusa stage
corals build colonies of small genetically identical polyps

50
Q

characteristics of man o war

A

drifting specialized colonies of polyps
not in the same class as jellyfish

51
Q

phylum ctenophore

A

comb jelly

52
Q

characteristics of comb jelly

A

combs are groups of cilia
rainbow effect caused by reflection of light
sticky cells help to catch prey but don’t sting
radial symmetry
organized at tissue level

53
Q

bilaterally symmetrical worms

A

flatworms
ribbon worms
nematodes
segmented worms
peanut worms

54
Q

characteristics of flatworms (phylum platyhelminths)

A

sac body plan (flattened body)
have central nervous system but simply brain
organ systems

55
Q

characteristics of flatworms (class turbellaria)

A

free living
unique mating behavior
have both male and female sex organs

56
Q

characteristics of ribbon worms (phylum nemertea)

A

mostly marine and carnivores
long, elastic body (longest invertebrate)
complete digestive system
circulatory system with blood
have proboscis to catch small animals and entangle prey

57
Q

characteristics of segmented worms (phylum annelida)

A

segmentation (rings) are internal and external
gut coelom
gills use respiration
well developed nervous system with brain
closed circulatory system
great crawlers and burrowers
class polychaeta

58
Q

phylum mollusca

A

soft body with hard shell
muscular foot
well developed nervous system with brain
open circulatory system, complete digestive system

59
Q

three major groups of molluscs

A

gastropods
bivalves
cephalopods

60
Q

class gastropoda

A

most common
stomach footed
have one shell or no shell
herbivore/carnivore
deposit or suspension feeder
curved digestive system

61
Q

class bivalvia

A

two valves
laterally compressed body
no head/no radula
filter feeder
burrowers
swim ability is limited

62
Q

class cephalopoda

A

head footed
strong ability to swim
all marine
well developed nervous system (most complex), large complex eyes, brain, nerves, have ability to learn
camouflage
radula

63
Q

phylum arthropoda

A

largest phylum of animals
joint foot
very mobile
go through metamorphosis
external skeleton

64
Q

subphylum crustacea

A

two pairs of antennae
head and thorax fused
filter feeders/scavengers
appendages specialized for different functions

65
Q

decapods

A

largest group of crustaceans
shrimp, lobster, hermit crabs

66
Q

biology of crustaceans

A

filter feeding/predatory
appendages for piercing and sucking
simple brain, well developed sensory organs, compound eyes
behaviorally complex

67
Q

phylum echinodermata

A

adults are five way radial symmetry
endoskeleton
skin gills for respiration
no brain
tube feet
sea star, sea urchin, sea cucumber

68
Q

types of echinoderms

A

asteroidea: sea star
ophiuroidea: brittle star

69
Q

biology of echinoderms

A

movable spines
move with tube feet
complete but simply digestion system, jaws and muscles
nervous system and behavior (camouflage)
asexual reproduction

70
Q

three types of fishes

A

jawless fish (agnatha)
cartilaginous fish (chondrichthyes)
bony fish (osteichthyes)

71
Q

jawless fish

A

no paired fins
no scales
lack true vertebrae

72
Q

cartilaginous fish

A

skeleton of cartilage
ventral mouth
paired lateral fins
sandpaper like skin

73
Q

sharks

A

spindle shaped
heterocercal caudal fin
two back dorsal fins
large pectoral fin on side
powerful jaws with triangular teeth
predators and filter feeders

74
Q

rays and skates

A

demersal (live on bottom)
flattened bodies, expanded pectoral fins
gill slits underside their body ventrally
eyes on top of head
long whip like tails

75
Q

ratfish

A

one pair of gill slits
mostly deep water
feed on bottom crustaceans and mollusks
heterocercal tail like sharks

76
Q

body shape of fish

A

lifestyle related
habitat
feeding habits

77
Q

coloration of fish

A

countershading
disruptive coloration
cryptic coloration
warning coloration

78
Q

feeding of fish

A

size of the prey/size of the fish
catch or filter
teeth help break and hold prey
can tell diets from shape of mouth

79
Q

digestion of fish

A

intestines of carnivorous fish tend to be short and straight
intestines of herbivorous fish are longer and coiled

80
Q

gills in fish

A

construction is the same: gill arch, gill rakers, gill filaments

81
Q

nervous system and sensory organs in fish

A

protected brains and spinal cords
can smell and taste
move lens of eyes to change focus
lateral line helps sense water vibrations
have inner ears

82
Q

behavior in fish

A

territoriality to help with defense
school with fish of similar body size
migrate

83
Q

reproduction in fish

A

change color to indicate readiness
courtship
hermaphrodites

Marine Biology (4 decks)

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