Exam 2 Flashcards
phytoplankton
unicellular, micro size
seaweed
multicellular, macro size
higher plants
seagrass, saltmarsh grass, mangrove
structural features of seaweed
thallus (body)
blade (leaf)
pneumatocyst (bulb at base of leaf)
stipe (stem)
holdfast (roots)
characteristics of blades
not true leaves, no veins
characteristics of pneumatocyst
gas filled float to buoy the blades towards the sunlight at the surface
characteristics of stipe
stem like, flexible, contain pigment for photosynthesis
characteristics of holdfast
no true roots, no absorption or transport function, anchor on hard surfaces
major types of seaweeds
green, brown, and red algae
characteristics of green algae
found in tidal zones and are subtidal, tropical to temperate
characteristics of brown algae
pneumatocyst, found in rocky shores, pelagic
characteristics of kelp
found in cold water, temperate and subpolar
characteristics of red algae
found in shallow water, simple structure, filamentous, phycobilins make it red
how do seaweeds reproduce
vegetative and asexual (most important)
complex and sexual
characteristics of seagrasses
flowering plants that reproduce by pollination and have evolved to live in seawater
prerequisites to live in seawater
-adapted to saline water
-able to grow completely submersed
-anchored to withstand waves and tides
-water pollinated
characteristics of leaves in seagrass
thin and strap like, true leaves with upper and lower surface and veins, can grow in high density
characteristics of roots in seagrass
roots are used for anchoring and nutrient absorption, dense, also known as rhizomes
characteristics of flowers/seeds in seagrass
miniature, not obvious, small seeds
where are seagrass beds found
sandy intertidal zones
subtidal zones: submerged most of the time
sandy sediments
lighted bottom
eel grass
most widely distributed seagrass, found in temperate to tropical regions, bay or estuary, shallow, slow water motion, with oxygen poor sediments
turtle grass
largest and most robust in florida and caribbean, leaves are ribbon like, wide blades, deep root and rhizome
surf grass
found in shallow waters on rocky shores, in high energy low intertidal and shallow subtidal reefs, forms dense beds and attaches to rocks with short roots
salt marsh plant
only merged in high tide, land plants, tolerate high salinity, live better in regular soil, true grass
invasive species
spartina (salt marsh plant)
salt and dry tolerant, high growth rate, form hybrid species, purposely introduced but cause many ecological problems
mangroves
tropical estuary and open coastal lines, intertidal zone, tolerate wide range of salinity, tree species zonation
what are the most important characteristics of algae and flowering plants
eukaryotic, multicellular (green algae can be uniceullar), bottom dwelling
what percentage of animal species are invertebrate
97%
most invertebrates are from two phyla:
mollusca and arthropoda
most invertebrates are found in what environment
shallow
the simplest animal
phylum porifera (sponge), a pore bearer
characteristics of sponges
loose clumps of specialized cells that interact, no true tissue or organs, arranged at cellular level, sessile, asymmetrical, cells can move inside and change shape, can be very colorful
body structure of porifera (pore bearers)
ostia- water comes in
osculum- water goes out
pinacocyte- outer layer (flat cells)
collar cell- inner layer (collar cells)
mesohyle- gelatin like middle
specialized cells: sclerocyte and spicule, help to create inflow current, important for feeding
characteristics of spicules
defensive, can be shed off, SiO2 or CaCO3, excreted by sclerocyte
suspension vs deposit feeding
suspension- feed on particles suspended in water
deposit- feed on particles settled on the bottom
detritus/carnivorous/mixtrophic sponges
detritus- eats dead
carnivorous- hunts for zooplankton
mixtrophic - combination of both
how do sponges regenerate
asexually by budding or when branches break off
hermaphrodites
male and female at the same time, this is how sponges sexually reproduce
phylum cnidaria
jellyfish, sea anemones, corals, hydroids
basic characteristics of cnidarians
-radial symmetry
-mostly marine
-no organs or organ system
-rudimentary nervous network
-incomplete digestive system
two body forms of cnidarians
medusa- free swimming form
polyp- attached form
what are the epidermis cells in a cnidarian
sensory and defensive cells
what are the gastrodermis cells in a cnidarian
cells that secrete digestive enzymes
what are nematocysts
stinging cells, used for protection and feeding
class scyphozoans
jellyfish
class anthozoans
sea anemones and coral
class hydrozoan
man o war
characteristics of jellyfish
polyp in reproductive stage
grow faster in warm water
gelatinous animals that drift with current
large medusae
organized at tissue level
characteristics of sea anemone/coral
most lack medusa stage
corals build colonies of small genetically identical polyps
characteristics of man o war
drifting specialized colonies of polyps
not in the same class as jellyfish
phylum ctenophore
comb jelly
characteristics of comb jelly
combs are groups of cilia
rainbow effect caused by reflection of light
sticky cells help to catch prey but don’t sting
radial symmetry
organized at tissue level
bilaterally symmetrical worms
flatworms
ribbon worms
nematodes
segmented worms
peanut worms
characteristics of flatworms (phylum platyhelminths)
sac body plan (flattened body)
have central nervous system but simply brain
organ systems
characteristics of flatworms (class turbellaria)
free living
unique mating behavior
have both male and female sex organs
characteristics of ribbon worms (phylum nemertea)
mostly marine and carnivores
long, elastic body (longest invertebrate)
complete digestive system
circulatory system with blood
have proboscis to catch small animals and entangle prey
characteristics of segmented worms (phylum annelida)
segmentation (rings) are internal and external
gut coelom
gills use respiration
well developed nervous system with brain
closed circulatory system
great crawlers and burrowers
class polychaeta
phylum mollusca
soft body with hard shell
muscular foot
well developed nervous system with brain
open circulatory system, complete digestive system
three major groups of molluscs
gastropods
bivalves
cephalopods
class gastropoda
most common
stomach footed
have one shell or no shell
herbivore/carnivore
deposit or suspension feeder
curved digestive system
class bivalvia
two valves
laterally compressed body
no head/no radula
filter feeder
burrowers
swim ability is limited
class cephalopoda
head footed
strong ability to swim
all marine
well developed nervous system (most complex), large complex eyes, brain, nerves, have ability to learn
camouflage
radula
phylum arthropoda
largest phylum of animals
joint foot
very mobile
go through metamorphosis
external skeleton
subphylum crustacea
two pairs of antennae
head and thorax fused
filter feeders/scavengers
appendages specialized for different functions
decapods
largest group of crustaceans
shrimp, lobster, hermit crabs
biology of crustaceans
filter feeding/predatory
appendages for piercing and sucking
simple brain, well developed sensory organs, compound eyes
behaviorally complex
phylum echinodermata
adults are five way radial symmetry
endoskeleton
skin gills for respiration
no brain
tube feet
sea star, sea urchin, sea cucumber
types of echinoderms
asteroidea: sea star
ophiuroidea: brittle star
biology of echinoderms
movable spines
move with tube feet
complete but simply digestion system, jaws and muscles
nervous system and behavior (camouflage)
asexual reproduction
three types of fishes
jawless fish (agnatha)
cartilaginous fish (chondrichthyes)
bony fish (osteichthyes)
jawless fish
no paired fins
no scales
lack true vertebrae
cartilaginous fish
skeleton of cartilage
ventral mouth
paired lateral fins
sandpaper like skin
sharks
spindle shaped
heterocercal caudal fin
two back dorsal fins
large pectoral fin on side
powerful jaws with triangular teeth
predators and filter feeders
rays and skates
demersal (live on bottom)
flattened bodies, expanded pectoral fins
gill slits underside their body ventrally
eyes on top of head
long whip like tails
ratfish
one pair of gill slits
mostly deep water
feed on bottom crustaceans and mollusks
heterocercal tail like sharks
body shape of fish
lifestyle related
habitat
feeding habits
coloration of fish
countershading
disruptive coloration
cryptic coloration
warning coloration
feeding of fish
size of the prey/size of the fish
catch or filter
teeth help break and hold prey
can tell diets from shape of mouth
digestion of fish
intestines of carnivorous fish tend to be short and straight
intestines of herbivorous fish are longer and coiled
gills in fish
construction is the same: gill arch, gill rakers, gill filaments
nervous system and sensory organs in fish
protected brains and spinal cords
can smell and taste
move lens of eyes to change focus
lateral line helps sense water vibrations
have inner ears
behavior in fish
territoriality to help with defense
school with fish of similar body size
migrate
reproduction in fish
change color to indicate readiness
courtship
hermaphrodites
