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201D > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Salivary amylase

A

Breaks down carbohydrates break down into glucose
Is used in mouth, pancreas, and small intestine

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2
Q

Lipase

A

Breakdown fats into fatty acids
Produced by the mouth, pancreas, and stomach

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3
Q

Mechanical digestion in the stomach

A

Food churns with digestive enzymes to make chyme (acidic soup)

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4
Q

Mechanical digestion in the small intestine

A

Localized contractions that mix contents together (help facilitate absorption)

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5
Q

Energy currency for the body

A

Glucose (the breakdown of carbohydrate)

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6
Q

Storage form of quick energy

A

Glycogen (storage form of carbohydrate)

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7
Q

Fats contain and provide

A

Contain: Essential fatty acids
Provide: alternate storage form of energy

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8
Q

Which fats are healthy and which fats are unhealthy

A

Healthy: polyunsaturated fats (found in fish) (protect against CVD)
Unhealthy:saturated fats

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9
Q

Proteins function

A

Primary function: tissue rebuilding and maintaing body tissue
Can also: be converted to supply energy (if needed bc carb and fat is not sufficent)

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10
Q

What minerals help give strength to bones and teeth

A

Phosphorus and calcium

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11
Q

Vitamin C produces

A

The intracellular ground substance that cements tissues together and prevents tissue bleeding

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12
Q

Amino acids serve as the building blocks for

A

Body tissues
Enzymes
Hormones

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13
Q

Thiamin controls

A

The release of energy for cell work

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14
Q

Vitamin B12

A

Needed for synthesis and maturation of RBCs
(Heme formation)

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15
Q

What does water form/function as

A

Form: blood, lymph, intracelluar fluids(important for transporting nutrients and removing waste)
Functions as: regulatory agent (providing fluid environment for metabolic reactions)

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16
Q

Xerostomia is?
Can lead to ?

A

(Dry mouth)
Prolonged drastic reduction of salivary secretions

Infection and ulcers and tooth decay

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17
Q

Xerostomia can be caused by

A

Radiation therapy (damages salvilary glands)
Diabetes
Parkinson’s disease
Autoimmune defficncy disease
Medications (for managment of cardiac failure, hypertension, depression, chronic pain)

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18
Q

What are the three pairs of salivary glands

A

Parotid
Submaxillary
Sublingual

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19
Q

Salivary glands produce

A

Watery fluid containing salivary amylase (binds to starch molecules)
Mucous (to lubricate and bind food)

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20
Q

Lingual lipase

A

Second enzyme released in the saliva
Begins digestion of fats

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21
Q

Salivary secretions important functions (other than chemical digestion)

A

Moisten food so bolus can form and move down esophagus easily
Lubricate and cleanse teeth
Destroy harmful bacteria
Neutralize toxic substances entering the mouth

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22
Q

GERD

A

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (heartburn)
Regurgitation occurs when acidic stomach contents are able to move back into the esophagus
This can damage tissues in esophagus
(GERD is increased with obesity, overeating, smoking, medications)

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23
Q

Hydrochloric acid is important for

A

Breaks down proteins into amino acids
Creating acidic environment needed for pepsin activation and other enzymes
Is the reason we need mucous to protect the stomach lining

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24
Q

Mucous in the stomach is important for

A

Protecting the stomach lining from eroding effect of the acid
Also binds and mixes the food mass and helps move it along

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25
Q

Enzymes in the stomach

A

Pepsin- begins breakdown of protein (secreted from pepsinogen and activated by HCL)
Gastric lipase- acts only on butter fat (has minor role, produced in small amounts)
Rennin- aids in coagulation of milk (only found in children)

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26
Q

Decrease in HCL would (could occur in aging adults bc decreased secretions)

A

Hinders production of vitamin B12
Reduces uptake of thiamin, folate, calcium, iron

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27
Q

Older adults changes to GI system

A

Chewing and swallowing issues (dysphasia)
Constipation (decrease peristalsis bc of neural and muscular function changes )
Early satiety (limits food ingested which can lead to malnutrition)(changes in hypothalamus)
Changes in intestinal microbiota (alter immune function)
Decreased secretions (Xerostomia) (HCL)
Decreased thirst (dehydration)(caused by changes in hypothalamus)

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28
Q

Haw many calories does a male /female need a day if they are older then 70yrs old

A

Energy needs:
Male - 2100 kcal/day Female - 1600 kcal/day (more if active)

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29
Q

How many calories a day does a female/male need if they are under 70 yrs old

A

energy needs:
Male - > 2200 kcal/day Female – > 1900kcal/day (more if active)

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30
Q

How many calories a day does a female/male need if they are under 70 yrs old

A

energy needs:
Male - > 2200 kcal/day Female – > 1900kcal/day (more if active)

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31
Q

How much protein do you need per day (under 70 & over 70)

A

Under 70:
0.8 gram/kg/day body weight
Over 70:
1 gram/kg/day of body weight
-prevent age-related muscle loss

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32
Q

In a well balanced diet for a healthy person how many total kilocalories come from carbohydrate and what type should you have

A

45-65% of total kcalories come from carbohydrate, the majority should be obtained from complex carbohydrates (starch), and only a smaller amount obtained from simple carbohydrates (sugars)

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33
Q

In a well balanced diet for a healthy person how many total kilocalories come from carbohydrate and what type should you have

A

45-65% of total kcalories come from carbohydrate, the majority should be obtained from complex carbohydrates (starch), and only a smaller amount obtained from simple carbohydrates (sugars)

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34
Q

It is recommended that fat supply your diet at no more then

A

20-35% of total kcalories

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35
Q

Vitamin D recommendations for under and over 70

A

Under 70:
Vitamin D- 15 mcg/day
Over 70:
Vitamin D- 20 mcg/day (↓ sun exposure & skin synthesis)

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36
Q

Calcium recommendations for under/over 70 yrs old

A

Under 70:
Calcium-1000 mg/day
1200 mg/day (women > 50 d/t menopause)
Over 70:
Calcium- 1200mg/day
↑ d/t bone resorption and ↓ vitamin D levels

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37
Q

Iron recommendations for under/over 70

A

Under 70:
Iron- 18 mg/day
↓ 8mg/day after menopause
Over 70:
Iron- 8mg/day

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38
Q

Vitamin B12 recommendations under/over 70 yrs old

A

Under 70:
Vitamin B12: 2.4 mcg/day
Over 70:
Vitamin B12:
2.4 mcg/day (fortified foods and supplements)

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39
Q

Vitamin A role in wound healing

A

Maintenance of skin and mucous membranes
Promotes immunity (migration of macrophages)

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40
Q

Vitamin E role in wound healing

A

Anti-inflamatory properties

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41
Q

Vitamin K and Ca role in wound healing

A

Blood clotting

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42
Q

Protein role in wound healing

A

build and repair of skin and tissues, fight infection, balance fluids

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43
Q

Vitamin C role in wound healing

A

Enhances tensile wound strength
Blood vessel formation

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44
Q

Vitamin B12 role in wound healing

A

tissue repair, granulation tissue, energy boost

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45
Q

Nursing Interventions to Promote Nutrition

A

Maintain good oral hygiene
Small, frequent meals
Environment
Position
Favorite foods
Pain control
Collaborate with dietician and/or speech therapy
Promote a balanced diet

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46
Q

My plate recommends

A

5 food groups:
1⁄2 plate fruits and veggies
1⁄2 plate grains and proteins
one dairy helping

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47
Q

My plate recommends (cups and oz for each food group) based on 2,000 calorie plan

A

2 cup fruit
2 1/2 vegetables
6 oz grains
5 1/2 oz proteins
3 cups dairy

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48
Q

Why do older adults tend to need fewer kcal for energy

A

Bc of a decrease in:
Lean body mass
Physical activity
BMR

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49
Q

Changes that make it difficult for an older adult to achieve good nutrition

A

Loss of interest in eating
Decreased sensation of thirst
Decrease in taste and smell (make therapuetic diets unappealing)
Tooth loss and gum disease
Arthritic hands making preparing and eating food difficult
gatroespohageal reflux
decreased secretions of HCL
Decreased intestinal peristalsis
Glucose intolerance
No longer able to drive, harder and more expensive to get food

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50
Q

Frail elderly syndrome

A

Disorder characterized by weight loss, decreased activity and interaction, increasing frailty

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51
Q

Why was potassium added to the nutrition label

A

Bc it is a good electrolyte to maintain cardiovascular function/health and maintain blood pressure

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52
Q

What type of things does a Nutritional History & Screening look at

A

Eating habits and appetite
Food allergies
Medical conditions
Dentition, chewing, or swallowing difficulties
Weight loss
Body Mass Index

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53
Q

What is a nutrition screening defined as

A

The process of identifying characteristics known to be associated with nutrition problems, with the purpose of identifying individuals who are malnourished or at a nutritional risk

(collect data about eating behaviors and identify possible nutritional risks or deficiencies)

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54
Q

When should you be concerned about weight loss

A

Unintentional weight loss of 10% or more of the usual body weight within 6 months, or 5% of the usual body weight within 1 month

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55
Q

If a patient is in need of dentures who should you refer to

A

Social services

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56
Q

Should edema account for weight

A

No, this contributes to volume and not weight and should not be related to food intake (could occur in kidney or liver disease)

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57
Q

Measurements of body size, weight, and proportions

A

Anthropometric measurements, are used to assess nutritional status and growth

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58
Q

BMI

A

Body mass index is a ratio of weight to height and can be correlated with overall mortality and nutritional risk
(Does not estimate body composition such as lean body mass or adiposity)

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59
Q

Underweight BMI

A

≤ 18.5

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60
Q

Normal BMI

A

18.5 ‐ 24.9

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61
Q

Overweight BMI

A

25.0‐<30

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62
Q

Obese BMI

A

≥ 30.0

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63
Q

Extreme obesity BMI

A

≥ 40.0

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64
Q

How can laboratory data be used in a nutritional screening and assesment

A

electrolytes, glucose, lipid panel (shows cholesterol), liver and renal function, complete blood count, vitamins, minerals

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65
Q

When completing the nutritional assessment what are some observation/ signs and symptoms you should be looking for

A

Observations:
alertness
able to sit upright
managing secretions
coughing strength
Hx of aspiration pneumonia

Signs and symptoms:
Poor skin turgor or edema
Pallor, spoon‐shaped nails (Iron)
Bleeding abnormalities (vitaminK)
Brittle & fragile nails, hair loss, poor wound
healing (protein)
Low energy, headache (glucose)
Sclera of eye is white and not the usual pink (iron)

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66
Q

Why is it essential to assess swallowing ability?

A

Difficulty swallowing food/fluids (dysphagia)
Choking potential
Risk for aspiration into the lungs (aspiration pneumonia)

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67
Q

Why is it essential to assess swallowing ability?

A

Difficulty swallowing food/fluids (dysphagia)
Choking potential
Risk for aspiration into the lungs (aspiration pneumonia)

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68
Q

Therapeutic diets are modified for

A

Nutrients (ex. chronic conditions)
Texture (swallowing concerns)
Food allergies or food intolerances

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69
Q

A swallow screen for dysphagia should be given before

A

Giving the patient food, drink, or medication

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70
Q

Prior to starting a swallow screen for dysphagia you should

A

Have oral suction immediately avalible
See that the mouth is clean and moist

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71
Q

In order to advance the diet you must have

A

A HCP or MD order

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72
Q

When contemplating advancing a diet what should you be assessing/identifying

A

Assessing for alertness, gag reflex, GI assesment
Identify the type of surgery, procedure or anesthesia

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73
Q

When advancing a diet why is it important to know if a patient had anesthesia?

A

could make the patient nauseous resulting in them not wanting to eat
Could make the GI track “be not awake” resulting in vomiting or aspiration

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74
Q

NPO except meds

A

Nothing by mouth except meds and the water needed to swallow the meds

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75
Q

Postive flatus

A

Passing gas

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76
Q

Clear liquid diet

A

Broth, fruit juices (apple, cranberry, grape), water, black coffee, tea, popsicles, carbonated beverages, gelatin

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77
Q

Full liquid diet

A

Includes all things liquid as well as any food items that are liquid at room temperature
Juices with pulp, out, milk, milkshakes, ice cream, cream soups, uddings, custard, plain yogurt, tritional supplements
(May need oral supplementation if for longer then 3 days)

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78
Q

Regular diet

A

Includes all foods and liquids
May need to be modified to iadress chewing and swallowing issues
Such as mechanical soft, pureed, dysphasiga diets
Diet may be modified after speech therapy

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79
Q

What is the traditional Hispanic diet

A

Traditional foods prepared with lard
High prevalence of DM; sugary drinks; high Na+/fat
Belief in ‘hot‐cold’ to provide balance
Recommend boiling, grilling, or healthier oils

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80
Q

Traditional Asian diet

A

Foods are more plant‐based
Protein consists of beans, nuts; occasional poultry
Lower incidence of CVD, DM, & obesity
Prefer hot or warm water
May be lactose intolerant

81
Q

Traditional Indian diet

A

Prefer home cooked foods; wide array of spices
Meats election based on religious preference
Muslims may not eat pork
Buddhists maybe vegetarian

82
Q

Pharmacology

A

The study or science of drugs
How various dosage forms influence the way in which the drug effects the body

83
Q

Pharmaceutics

A

preparing and dispensing drugs; incl. dosage form design

84
Q

The form of a drug determines

A

the rate of drug dissolution and absorption

85
Q

Out of all the oral drug preparations what is the order from fastest to slowest of drug absorption

A

Buccal, SL
Liquids, syrups
Capsules
Tablets
Enteric coated tablets

86
Q

What is extended release

A

release of drug molecules over a prolonged period

87
Q

What are some details about extended relase

A

prolongs drug absorption
• granules in capsules and dosage forms identified by capital letters (CR, SA, XL, XT, CD, TR, ER, LA)
• requires fewer doses, improved compliance
• cannot be crushed or chewed (possible toxicity)

88
Q

SR

A

Slow release or sustained release

89
Q

SA

A

Sustained action

90
Q

CR

A

Controlled release

91
Q

XL

A

Extended length

92
Q

XT

A

Extended time

93
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

The study of what happens to a drug from the time it is put into the body until the parent drug and all other metabolites have left the body
(Drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion)

94
Q

What is a drug

A

Any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism

95
Q

Chemical name

A

Describe the drug’s chemical composition and molecular structure

96
Q

Generic name

A

Nonproprietary name, often much shorter and simpler then the chemical name

97
Q

Drug classsification

A

Drugs are grouped together based on their similar properties, can be classified by therapeutic use or their structure

98
Q

Toxicology

A

The study of the adverse effect of drugs and other chemicals on living systems

99
Q

Dosage form determines

A

The rate at which drug dissolution (dissolving of solid dosage forms and their absorption)

100
Q

A drug to be ingested orally may be in what form

A

Solid: tablet, capsule, or powder
Liquid form: solution or suspension

101
Q

Parental forms

A

Dosage forms that are administered via injection, need certain characteristics to be safe and effective bc arteries and veins that carry drugs throughout the body they can be easily damaged if the drug is too concentrated or corrosive (100% absorption is assumed immediately after injection)

102
Q

Topically applied dosage forms

A

Work directly on the surface of the skin

103
Q

Absorption

A

The movement of a drug from its site of administration into the bloodstream for distribution to the tissues

104
Q

Bioavailability

A

Term used to express the extent of drug absorption
(Passing through the liver effects this bc drug is changed into inactive metabolites)

105
Q

First pass effect

A

Reduces the bioavailability of the drug to less than 100%
(Happens to drugs administered by the mouth not IV)

106
Q

What are the basic routes of drug administration

A

Enteral, parental, and topical

107
Q

What factors can alter the absorption of drugs

A

Acid changes within the stomach
Absorption changes within the small intestine
Presence or absence of food or fluid

108
Q

What factors could effect acidity of the stomach

A

Time of day
Age of the patient
Presence and types of medications food and beverages

109
Q

Enteric coating is designed to

A

Protect the stomach by having drug dissolution and absorption occur in the intestines

110
Q

What could happen if you take an enteric coated medication with a large amount of food

A

Cause it to be dissolved by acidic stomach contents and therefore reduce intestinal drug absorption

111
Q

What drugs are more easily broken down in an acidic environment

A

Fat soluble drugs
(Presence of food may enhance absorption)

112
Q

What would happen if blood flow to the GI tract is reduced? What could cause this

A

The stomach and small intestine are highly vascularized, when blood flow is reduced in situations like exercise or sepsis then absorption is decreased

113
Q

Drugs admistered by the sublingual route and buccal route

A

Are absorbed rapidly by the highly vascularized tissue under the tongue and by the cheek and gum, bypass the liver, are systemically bioavailible

114
Q

Parental route

A

The fastest route by which a drug can be absorbed
Could be IM, IV, or subcutaneous
(Bypass the first pass effect of the liver)

115
Q

Subcutaneous injections

A

Injections into the fatty subcutaneous tissues under the dermal layer of the skin

116
Q

Intradermal injections

A

Injections under the more superficial skin layers immediately underneath the epidermal layer of skin and into the dermal layer

117
Q

Intramuscular injections

A

Injections given into the muscle below the subcutaneous fatty tissue
(Absorbed faster then subcutaneous bc muscle has greater blood supply then skin)

118
Q

What can you do to the injection cite to increase absorption

A

Apply heat or massage the site

119
Q

What could reduce drug activity by reducing drug delivery to the tissues

A

Presence of cold, hypotension, poor peripheral blood flow that compormises circulation

120
Q

Topical route

A

Involves application of medications to various body surfaces
Onset slower, duration longer
Can be applied to skin, eyes, ears, nose, lungs, rectum, or vagina
Avoid first pass effect (unless rectum)

121
Q

What are examples of topical medications

A

Ointments, gels, patches, drops, inhalers

122
Q

Oral drugs are absorbed by

A

Stomach or intestine

123
Q

Oral drug bioavailability is

A

Less then 100%

124
Q

IV drug avalibility is

A

100%

125
Q

Subcutaneous bioavalibility is

A

Close to 100 %

126
Q

Distribution

A

Refers to the transport of a drug by the blood stream to its cite of action

127
Q

Where are drugs distributed to first

A

Areas with extensive blood supply
(Heart, liver, kidneys, brain)

128
Q

Where are the areas of slower distribution

A

Skin, muscle, and fat

129
Q

When does elimination of a drug begin

A

As soon as the drug enters circulation (enters the blood stream) it starts to be eliminated by organs that metabolize and excrete drugs (primarily liver and kidneys)

130
Q

If a drug needs to reach their site of action in extravascular tissue

A

(Outside the blood vessel) it must be not bound to protein otherwise drug complex would be too large to pass through the walls of the capillaries into the tissues

131
Q

Albumin is

A

The most common blood protein and caries the majority of protein bound drug molecules

132
Q

free drug

A

Not bound to protein
The unbound portion of a drug is limited
pharmacologically active

133
Q

Bound drug

A

Drug molecules is bound to protien
Pharmacologically inactive

134
Q

What happens if you have low albumin levels

A

There would be a larger amount of free drug
Could result in drug toxicity
Could be caused by being malnourished or extensive burns

135
Q

What happens when a patient takes two medications that are highly protein bound?

A

Medications may compete for binding sites on the albumin molecule
Resulting in more free drug
Could result in drug drug interaction

136
Q

When does a drug drug interaction occur

A

When the presence of one drug decreases or increases the actions of another drug that is administered concurrently (given at the same time)

137
Q

Metabolism

A

(Biotransformation)
Involves the biochemical alteration of a drug into an inactive metabolite, a more soluble compound, a more potent active metabolite, or a less active metabolite

138
Q

The liver is most responsible for

A

The metabolism of drugs

139
Q

Metabolic tissues (other then the liver)

A

Skeletal muscle, kidneys, lungs, plasma, intestinal mucosa

140
Q

Hepatic metabolism involves

A

The activity of a very large class of enzymes known as cytochrome P-450 enzymes (P-450 enzymes) these control a variety of reactions that aid in metabolism of drugs

141
Q

Lipid soluble drugs

A

“Fat loving” (lipophilic)
Typically very difficult to eliminate
Targeted by P-450 enzymes

142
Q

Water soluble drugs

A

“Water loving” (hydrophilic)
May be more easily metabolized by simpler chemical reactions such as hydrolysis
(Prepare for excretion)

143
Q

Prodrug

A

An inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body
*Designed to be activated by the liver

144
Q

Excretion

A

The elimination of drugs from the body, all drugs must eventually be removed from the body

145
Q

Primary organ in excretion

A

The kidneys

146
Q

When drugs reach the kidneys

A

They have already gone through extensive biotransformation and only a relatively small fraction of the original drug is excreted as the original compound

147
Q

What happens to drugs when they are metabolized by the liver

A

They become more polar and water soluble

148
Q

Biliary excretion

A

Excretion of drugs by the intestines
Drugs will be taken up by the liver, released into the bile, and eliminated in the feces

149
Q

Enteral drugs also include
(Ones that do not undergo first-pass effect)

A

ODTs -Orally disinegrating tablets
Oral soluble films
Sublingual
Buccal (transmucosal)

150
Q

Rectal drugs

A

used for both local and systemic delivery
may be considered enteral or topical
mixed first-pass and non-first-pass absorption and metabolism

151
Q

What does the liver want to do

A

Biotransformation:
Change drug from lipid soluble to water soluble
Decrease drug molecules
Inactivate drug molecules

152
Q

What problems could effect excretion, why could this be problmatic

A

Kidney disease or kidney failure
They are at risk for toxicity

153
Q

What routes are first pass effect

A

Oral
Rectal

154
Q

What routes are non first pass effect

A

Inhaled
IV
Sublingual
Intranasal
IM
Subcutaneous
Transdermal
Rectal

155
Q

Is Intranasal first pass or non first pass, why

A

Non first pass bc it goes to the lungs and moves directly into the bloodstream

156
Q

Half life of a drug

A

The time required for on half of a given drug to be removed from the body

157
Q

Drug effects

A

Are the physiologic reactions of the body to the drug
(Onset, peaks, duration, and trough all describe the drug effect)

158
Q

A drug’s onset of action

A

The time required for the drug to elicit a therapeutic response

159
Q

A drug’s peak effect

A

The time required for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic effect

160
Q

A drug’s duration of action

A

The length of time that the drug concentration is sufficent to elicit a therapeutic response
(Without more doses)

161
Q

What is peak level & trough level

A

Peak is highest blood level

Trough is lowest blood level

162
Q

Steady state

A

The physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of frug absorbed with each dose

(Determined by half life of a drug)

163
Q

What could happen if peak blood level is too high

A

Drug toxicity may occur

164
Q

What is mild drug toxicity and an example

A

Intensification of effects

Ex. excessive sedation

165
Q

What could severe drug toxicity do

A

Damage vital organs bc of excessive drug exposure

166
Q

What could happen if trough blood levels are to low

A

Drug may not be at therapeutic levels to create response

167
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

Relates to the mechanisms of drug action in living tissues, drug induced normal physiological functions

168
Q

Therapeutic effect

A

A positive change in faulty physiologic system
(Goal of drug therapy)

169
Q

What can a drug do once its at the cite of action?

A

It can modify the rate at which that cell of tissue functions (increase or decrease) or it can modify the strength of function of that cell of tissue

*can not cause a cell or tissue to perform function that is not part of its natural physiology

170
Q

What are the ways drugs can exert their actions

A

Receptors
Enzymes
Nonselective interactions

171
Q

Mechanism of action

A

Effect based on characteristics of cells or tissues targeted by the drug

172
Q

Receptor

A

A reactive site on the surface or inside of a cell

Once a drug binds to a receptor a pharmacologic response is produced (if that is the mechanism of action)

173
Q

Affinity

A

The degree to which a drug attaches to and binds with a receptor

The drug with the “best fit” will have the strongest affinity for the receptor and will elicit the greatest response

174
Q

Agonist

A

Drug binds to the receptor, there is a response

175
Q

Partial agonist

A

Drug binds to the receptor, the response is diminished compared with that elicited by an agonist

176
Q

Antagonist

A

Drug binds to the receptor, there is no response. (Drug prevents binding of agonists)

177
Q

Competitive antagonist

A

Drug competes with the agonist for binding to the receptor, if it binds there is no response

178
Q

Noncompetitive antagonist

A

Drug combines with different parts of the receptor and inactivates it, agonist then has no effect

179
Q

Pharmacotherapy
What are the classifications

A

Use of drugs to prevent or treat diseases
(Therapeutic and pharmacologic classifications)

180
Q

Therapeutic examples of drugs

A

Antibiotics
Antidiabetics
Antihypertensives

181
Q

Pharmacologic examples of drugs

A

Calcium channel blocker
ACE inhibitor
Beta-blocker

182
Q

What food has a interaction with Warfrin

A

Leafy green veggies increase could make the anticoagulant effect decrease

183
Q

Grape fruit juice has an interaction to what medications, why

A

Cardiac medications, antiseizure, anti cholesterol, antianxiety

Causes problems with their enzymes and transporters which leads to too much or too little drug

184
Q

CNS depresents have interactions with what food, what could happen

A

Valerian root
Can increase drowsiness and sedation

185
Q

Polypharmacy

A

The simultaneous use of multiple medications

As the # of meds a person takes increases so does the risk for ADRs

186
Q

Prescribing cascade

A

When drugs are prescribed specifically to counteract the adverse effect of other drugs

187
Q

Appropriate drug dosages for older adults may be

A

1/2 or 2/3 less than the standard adult dose
(Best to start low and go slow)

188
Q

Aging effects on the cardiovascular system and pharmacokinetics

A

Decrease cardiac output = decrease absorption & distribution

Decrease blood flow = decrease absorption & distribution

189
Q

Aging effects on the gastrointestinal system and pharmacokinetics

A

Increase pH (alkaline gastric secretions) = altered absorption

Decreased peristalsis = delayed gastric emptying

190
Q

Aging effects on the hepatic system and pharmacokinetics

A

Decrease enzyme production = decrease metabolism

Decrease blood flow = decrease metabolism

191
Q

Aging effects on the renal system and pharmacokinetics

A

Decrease blood flow = decrease excretion

Decrease function = decrease excretion

Decrease GFR= decrease excretion

192
Q

Kidney function is assessed by measuring

A

Serum creatine, blood urea nitrogen levels (lab work)

193
Q

Liver function is assessed by

A

Testing the blood for liver enzymes

194
Q

What are the functions of proteins

A

Tissue building
Immune system function
Fluid balance
Acid base balance
Secondary energy source

195
Q

Why does calcium recommendations increase for older adults

A

To reduce bone loss and bone fractures

196
Q

The nurse understands that drugs exert their actions on the body by what process

A

Interacting with receptors
Altering metabolic chemical processes
Inhibiting the action of a specific enzyme

197
Q

The nurse knows that which factors will affect the absorption of orally administered medications

A

Time of day
pH of the stomach
Form of drug preparation
Presence of food in the stomach

198
Q

Constipation in a patient with heart failure you should assess their meds to see if they’re on what

A

Calcium channel blockers

201D (4 decks)

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