Exam 2 Flashcards
How many officers died since beginning of police creation?
14,000
Personnel Tasks
Interview, hire, train, tell you shifts, give you paid vacation, etc
What are the top circumstances of 911 calls for officer homicides?
Domestics &Pursuits
How many officers do we lose on average in a year?
12
1/6 officers killed w/ own weapons or other officers weapon.
Smart weapons: only fire w/ specific officer
Where is it most dangerous?
South
What are the weapons used in 2001 in officer homicides?
60 Firearms; 45 Handguns; 11 Rifles; 4 Shotguns; 1 Blunt Object; 1 Hand-to-Hand Combat
What were the officer actions during officer homicides?
39 Body Armor; 16 Weapon Ready; 12 Fired Weapon; 7 Weapons Stolen (From Crime Scene); 3 Killed w/ Own Weapon
61/69 arrests made in officer homicides
What are the Sac Officer a Related Homicides?
1995 Officer Mark White (Roseville PD); 1997 Officer Emily Morgenroth (Sac PD); 1999 Officer William Bean (Sac PD); 2006 Deputy Jeffrey Mitchell (Sac PD)
What officers are more prone to getting killed?
Those who are nicer and fail to wear body armor.
What are ways to avoid getting disease on the job?
- Protect hands/keep them away from eyes, nose, & mouth
- Don’t handle bodily fluids if you have an open wound
- Always use gloves
- No smoking, eating, drinking, or makeup application on crime scenes
- Carefully handle sharp objects
- Cleanse any puncture wounds w/ rubbing alcohol, wash w/ soap&water& receive immediate medical treatment
- Use pencils, gloves, &masks you can throw away, items should be incinerated.
- Use bleach mixed w/ water for non disposable items such as cameras¬ebooks
What are the 4 sources of police stress?
- External stress resulting from real dangers such as armed suspects
- Organizational stress, departmental related stress from scheduling, paper work, training requirements, etc
- Personal stress produced by interpersonal relationships of officers
- Operational stress, mounting effects of dealing w/ tragedies of urban life
What is the Warren Court?
Mainly active in 1960s, it focused on our rights and freedoms. It bound police to strict procedural requirements in areas of investigation, arrest, & interrogation.
What are the Bill of Rights?
The first 10 amendments to the consititution.
What are the 3 areas that contain strict due process requirements?
- Search and Seizure
- Arrest
- Interrogation
What is the 4th amendment?
Search and Seizure: the right of people to be secure in their homes and in their persons against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated & no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause based on oath describing the place to be searched or persons to be seized.
What three branches have a system of checks and balances?
Legislative, judicial, & executive.
What happened in Weeks vs. US case?
(1914) Agents conducted a search of home w/o warrant. Conviction overturned even thought gambling evidence found. Helped form basis of exclusionary rule.
What is the Exclusionary Rule?
Incriminating info must be seized according to constitutional specifications of due process or it won’t be allowed as evidence in criminal trials.
What’s the significance of the Silverythorne Lumber Co. V. US case?
It set forth the Fruit of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine. Dealt w/ IRS agents that were ordered I return illegally obtained textbooks that they copied fr to find evidence of tax evasion.
What is the Fruit of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine?
Excludes from introduction at trial any evidence later developed as a result of an original illegal search or seizure.
What’s the significance of Mapp v. Ohio?
Applied exclusionary rule to criminal prosecutions at the STATE level. Instead of searching for fugitive, police searched drawers and found porn which they tried to arrest Mapp for but was overturned.
What happened in Chimel v. Cali?
Ted Chimel was convicted of burglary of a coin shop based on evidence gathered at his house w/ only an arrest warrant from officers and no search warrant. Search becomes illegal when gone behind defendant & area w/n defendants immediate control & when conducted not to protect arresting officers, prevent evidence from being destroyed, and to keep defendant from escaping.
What was the Burger Court?
A new court under Chief Justice Warren E. Burger that chipped away at the strict applications if the exclusionary rule. (1969-1986)
What is the good-faith exception?
Exception to exclusionary rule. Evidence seized w/o warrant could be used if officer didn’t know he/she needed one or discovered later that a mistake had been made.
What is probable cause?
A set of facts & circumstances that would induce a reasonably intelligent& prudent person to believe that a particular other person has committed a specific crime. Reasonable grounds to make or believe an accusation.
What’s the significance of Harris v. US?
It paved way for the police officers having the opportunity to begin investigations or to confiscate evidence, w/o warrant, based in what they find in plain view & open to public inspection.
What are the 3 exceptions that allow for an emergency search?
- Danger to publics safety (allowed to search car of a shooter on campus if you know it’s their car)
- Risk of escape of a dangerous subject
- Removal of destruction of evidence (knock on door& can hear someone flushing down drugs)
What’s an arrest?
Preventing someone from leaving and taking then into physical custody by law to charge them w. a criminal offense.
What is the Search Incident to Arrest?
A warrantless search of an arrested individual conducted to ensure the safety of the arresting officer. Can search vehicle too if there is probable cause and if he’s already making arrest.
What are 3 things you can’t do during interrogations?
- Physical abuse
- Inherent coercion: not allowing bathroom breaks, dark room, spotlight, making uncomfortable as possible
- Psychological manipulation: lying to suspect, extreme guilt trip
What type of defense should you hire if arrested?
Private attorney over a public defendant.
What are 7 stress reduction techniques?
- Excercise
- Diet
- Music
- Prayer
- Deep breathing
- Self hypnosis
- Induced relaxation
4 Basic Reasons for Police Force
- Ensure domestic peace
- Prevent & investigate crime
- Arrest/apprehend
- Enforce&support the law
Policing grew in London ‘cos of creation of what alcoholic beverage?
- Gun
- Resulted in binge Drinking, riots, 1700’s organized crime
Who was John Wilde?
He ran a fencing operation (sold stolen goods back) and died by hanging.
Who were the first actual detectives?
The Bow Street Runners started by Henry Fielding
What was a night watch?
An early form of police patrol in English cities. Bailiffs maintained watch.
Who was Father Sir Robert Peele?
In 1829, he established worlds first modern police force (London Metropolitan Police Force).
They were first to wear uniforms (Bobbies).
1000 officers
Where were there 1st uniformed police officers in America?
1844 NYPD
When was prohibition repealed?
1933; Wickersham Commission realized alcohol prohibition wasn’t effective and caused police corruption
After repeal, level of crime reduced
What was the LEAA?
Law Enforcement Assistant Administration (1969) provided local& state police w/ technology. They were charged w/ combatting crime through expenditure of huge amounts of $$ in support of crime prevention programs. (Ex. Police officers encouraged to go to school cos they could get doctorate for free)
What were the 3 areas police dealt w/ in 70’s?
Investigations, arrests, & interrogations(criminal prosecutions)
Type of officers in demand in the 70’s?
Females, minorities, & educated officers.
Kansas City Gun Experiment (1994)
Saturation of cops & random fun checks by polices causing displacement of crime.
Newport News, Virginia 1987
- first concept of POP
- POP work to identify criminals & always in same area
- inserting officers into area to sir press crime
Minneapolis domestic violence experiment (1984)
- Police respond to fight between couple & made an arrest every time they were called
- Domestic violence calls decreased
Kansas City Patrol Study (1974)
More often police were seen, the better people felt
Rodney King Case (1991)
- An African American construction worker
- Beaten by LAPD officer following high-speed car chase
- was speeding/failed to yield/police kept hitting him
Administrator activities (staff)
- Personnel tasks
- Resource acquisition
- Crime prevention
- Criminal apprehension
- Property control (filing for lost items)
- Standard operations procedures (SOP) [facial hair; code 3,2,1; draw the line where]
Line Supervisory Police
- Chief
- Lieutenant
- Sergeant
Administrative Supervisor (staff)
Director (State/Fed)
Sheriff (County)
Chief (City)
3 Police Styles
- Watchmen: aggressive; cavemen style; not favored
- Legalistic: “letter of law”; write you ticket even if going only 2 mph over speedlimit
- Service: community type; solve crime; helpers of community
Est. James Wilson
Community Relations Programs
Neighborhood Watch- Meetings w/ neighbors for crime prevention
Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE)- Drug prevention programs
ProjectID- Property marking to identify stolen items
Non-Crime Calls for Service
- Sick Child(Medical): OD Victim
- Distraught person (5150): Naked man walking around, cray cray loose
- Car Lockout
- Request for police speaker
- Traffic control: kings games
3 types of Modern Policing
- Strategic: Maintains tradition mission but enlarges target to nontraditional kinda of criminals and makes use of innovative enforcement techniques
- Problem Oriented (POP): assumes crime can be controlled by addressing underlying social problems that cause crime
- Community: collab effort w/ police & community identifying problems of crime& disorder
Non-traditional criminals (strategic)
Serial offenders; gang members; criminal associations; drug networks; white collar crimes; cyber-crime (hacking sustem, debit fraud)
4 Strategic Policing Types of Enforcement Tools
- Intelligence Gathering
- Undercover Stings
- Electronic Surveillance
- Sophisticated Forensics methods (CSI)
(POP) Community Resources
Counseling Centers; Welfare Programs; Job-training Facilities
- also provides bad guys w/ edu areas, negotiations, conflict management
- cleans up litter, installing lights
- Wilsons’s “Broken Windows Theory”
Police Subculture
- Police Working Personality
- Particular set of values, beliefs, & acceptable forms of behavior characteristics of American police.
12 Characteristics of Police
Authoritarian; Cynical; Conservative; Suspicious; Hostile; Insecure; Loyalty; Efficiency; Honorablr; Secretive; Prejudice; Individualistic
Slippery Slope: 10 Deviant Behaviors by Oficers That can Lead to Corruption
- Gratituity (free meala)
- Playing favorites (not ticketing friends)
- Minor bribes (sex for no ticket)
- Being above inconvenient laws
- Role malfeasance (destroy evidence)
- Major bribes (large sums of $)
- Property crime (theft, burglary)
- Criminal enterprise (mafia)
- Denial of civil rights
- Violent crimes (mop up suspects ass)
