Exam 2

Question 1

Be able to provide a sketch of “Paul’s Chronology”

Answer 1

I. 6 sections Chronology
1. Early Ministry: conversion/commissioning, Arabia
2. 1st Jerusalem post-conversion, Ministry Cilicia & Syria, collection Antioch  Jerusalem
3. 1st Missionary Journey: Antioch  Cyprus, Perga, Pisidian Antioch,
4.  Iconium, Lystra, Derbe (South Galatia),  Perga, Syrian Antioch
5. Apostolic Council in Jerusalem: Galatians ~ written

II. 6 sections Chronology
1. Second Missionary Journey: Syrian Antioch  Galatia  Philippi, Thessalonica, Berea
2. Athens  Corinth 18 mo. (write 1 & 2 Thess), Ephesus (quick), Syrian Antioch
3. Third Missionary Journey: Syrian Antioch -Galatia-> Ephesus (1 Cor.)  Macedonia
4. in Philippi (2 Cor.), Corinth (Rom) farewell to Ephesian elders in Miletus,  Caesarea, Jerusalem
5. Caesarean & Roman Imprisonments: gov. Felix impris. Caesarea,  Rome (Malta), house arrest
6. write Philip, Eph, Col, Phile, visit Spain?, write 1 & 2 Tim & Titus, [Great Fire Rome] Paul executed

Question 2

What does Paul mean by “union with Christ”? Why is this concept so central for Paul?

Answer 2

I. union w/ Christ idioms & images
1. idioms: in Christ, with Christ, through Christ
2. 4 images: Union, participation, identification, incorporation
3. Union: spiritual connection b/c Spirit
4. Participation: share key events (death, etc.)
5. Identification: allegiance shift Adam/death  Christ righteousness & peace
6. Incorporation: members tog. Shaped by Christ

II. central b/c implications 4 salvation, identity, conduct
1. salvation: new life evidence
2. living like Christ
3. Identity: X ID w/ old self/actions
4. Clean slate, seen Christ
5. must X live old person
6. now live slave 2 righteousness

Question 3

Be able to describe and discuss “the structure of Romans”

Answer 3

I. 4 distinct sections 1st ½ 2 sections 1-8
1. Ch 1-4 justification by faith
2. gospel brings salvation, b/c all condemned
3. Jews & Gentiles guilty: always faith
4. Ch 6-8 union w/ Christ & work of Spirit
5. X sin b/c dead to it, X bound law
6. live by Spirit & look 2 glory
7. Nuance: divide Ch 5 1st up to 5:11 Justification by faith
8. 5:12 begins Union w/ Christ & work of Spirit

II. 2nd ½ chapters 9-16
1. Ch 9-11 History of Salvation & Jew/Gentile relationships
2. Jews rejected Christ, God X rejected jews
3. must understand & accept God’s righteousness faith
4. Ch 12-16 unpacking of letter’s practical exhortations
5. living sacrifice, Day approaches,
6. Submit authorities, & love believers

Question 4

Areopagus

Answer 4

A rock outcrop that sits just below the Acropolis in Athens, where the council of the Areopagus met in order to govern the city and to discuss philosophical ideas (edu, morality, foreign cults, etc) and where Paul preached to philosophers

Question 5

Captivity Letters:

Answer 5

Pauline Letters written while Paul was in prison: Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, & Philemon (2 Timothy - Pastoral Epistle, could be included)

Question 6

Pastoral Letters

Answer 6

Paul’s letters to individual church leaders rather than churches themselves: 1 & 2 Tim & Titus

Question 7

Systematic theology:

Answer 7

The study of biblical teaching on a range of different topics that seeks a coherent account of them

Question 8

Exegesis

Answer 8

The study of a biblical text with the intent to understand its meaning

Question 9

Propitiation

Answer 9

The redirection of God’s wrath away from the sinner toward a sacrificial animal

Question 10

Justification

Answer 10

God’s declaration of a person to be righteous and this in right relationship with him, achieved by the sacrifice of Jesus, which is received by faith

Question 11

Cruciformity

Answer 11

A way of living, thinking, and relating that is shaped by Christ’s cross

Question 12

Works of the Law

Answer 12

Works, like circumcision, done by Jews both to obey the law and to serve as identity markers showing covenant membership in Israel. Paul emphasizes in Galatians that only by faith in Christ, not by works of the law (whether human performance or identity), can someone be made right with God.

Question 13

Doxology

Answer 13

A written or spoken expression of praise to God

Question 14

Amanuensis

Answer 14

A trained scribe who would write dictated letters at the direction of others

Question 15

Participation with Christ

Answer 15

The doctrine that Christians are connected to Christ through faith and share not only in his righteousness and resurrection but also in his sufferings and death

Question 16

Head coverings:

Answer 16

In the Mediterranean region, women’s hair often was an object of lust, so married women were expected to cover their hair. This was especially the case for Jewish woman, while wealthy Roman women sometimes would want to show off their expensive hairstyles. In 1 Corinthians 11: 1-16, Paul encourages women to cover their hair in worship, a cultural application symbolizing godly attitudes and relationship.

Question 17

Spiritual gifts:

Answer 17

Gifts or abilities given by the Holy Spirit for the benefit of the whole church and not necessarily miraculous in nature (though some are)

Question 18

Heresy

Answer 18

False teaching that deviates from official doctrine

Question 19

Apostasy

Answer 19

The rejection or abandonment of one’s faith

Question 20

Triumphal procession

Answer 20

For Romans, a victory march led by a conquering general or emperor with the defeated leaders brought behind, bound and sometimes naked, to be mocked and abused by the cross and often executed at the end. Paul applied this image to Christ, using it to depict true apostleship: the triumph of Christ over the formerly unbelieving Paul will lead to his mockery, abuse, and ultimately to his execution

Question 21

Abba

Answer 21

Aramaic for “father” used by Jesus, Paul, and other early Christians to refer to God the Father

Question 22

Curse of the Law

Answer 22

The condemnation that falls on all who rely on the works of the law, because everyone fails to keep the law

Question 23

Thorn in the flesh

Answer 23

A personal physical ailment, moral weakness, or spiritual problem that Paul understands to be a “messenger of Satan” that torments him. He asks God to remove it from him. When God does not, Paul learns that his own weaknesses and sufferings allow Christ’s power to shine

Question 24

Super-apostles

Answer 24

Outwardly impressive and skilled teachers who taught a different Jesus and gospel from what Paul taught

Question 25

Be able to describe and discuss the “structure of Ephesians” as well as the way Paul develops the concept of being “in Christ” in this letter. (see sidebars in chapter)

Answer 25

I. structure Ephesians: 2 ½’s
1. 1-3: God’s reconciliation through Christ
2. Salvation: spiritually dead alive w/ Christ
3. Result: Jews & Gentiles tog. In Christ
4. 4-6: application truth 2 Church, household, & individuals
5. live tog. Members Christ’s body
6. resist evil spiritual forces

II. “in Christ” important theme: Union w/ Christ
1. 4 terms: Union, participation, identification, and incorporation
2. uses Psalms & Isaiah: united w/ anointed king in victory over God’s enemies
3. Participation: (2:1-10) alive, raised & seated w/ Christ (narrative)
4. Incorporation: (2:11-22) body of Christ: united to one another w/ role to play
5. Union: marriage (5:22-23): Christ, head: gives Himself, nourishes & cherishes

Question 26

Psudonymity

Answer 26

The term used to describe literary works written under a false name, often taking the name of a famous historical figure

Question 27

Armor of God

Answer 27

Paul’s image, based on the Roman soldier’s armor, to express the gifts given to Christians to combat the spiritual forces of darkness: the belt of truth, breastplate of righteousness, sandals of peace, shield of faith, helmet of salvation, and sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God

Question 28

Ecclesiology

Answer 28

The study of the church itself along with its structure

Question 29

Incorporation

Answer 29

A major motif in Eph 4, Paul speaks to believers as the body of Christ. Individual union with Christ means also united to one another. As incorporated members of Christ, each body part has a role to play to serve the overall body

Question 30

Imperial guard

Answer 30

An elite group of Roman soldiers (also called praetorian guard)

Question 31

Kenosis

Answer 31

From a Greek word translated “emptied,” this term refers to Jesus’s self-emptying in his incarnation. Some have understood it to mean that Jesus gave up his divinity when he became human, but the early church rejected this understanding, asserting that Jesus gave up his divine privileges in order to become human but never stopped being fully God

Question 32

Conversion narrative

Answer 32

An autobiographical story of how someone came to see the world differently

Question 33

Colossian heresy

Answer 33

A range of spiritual and religious practices that seem to combine Jewish and pagan elements, either a religion or philosophy unique to Colossae or simply a mishmash of religious and spiritual practices that existed in Colossae at the time

Question 34

Elements of the world

Answer 34

In Greek, stoicheia, referring to weak and worthless cultural forces or entities that exist in any culture. God has sent Christ to redeem his people from out of their bondage

Question 35

Day of the Lord

Answer 35

The OT expectation of God’s future intervention into human history for judgement and salvation , understood by Christians to anticipate future fulfillment in Jesus’ judgement of the world

Question 36

Man of Lawlessness

Answer 36

A mysterious figure in 2 Thess 2 whom Paul depicts as occupying God’s temple and exalting himself above God. He often is equated with the “antichrist” mentioned in 1 and 2 John, but in those contexts that term refers to people who have left the community of believers

Question 37

The “last days”

Answer 37

The period between Jesus’ ascension and his eventual return

Question 38

Tabernacle

Answer 38

A portable tent that acted as the most important place of worship for Israel before the temple in Jerusalem because it housed the ark of the covenant, where God’s presence rested among the Israelites.

Question 39

Substitutionary atonement

Answer 39

The doctrine that Christ takes on himself through his death the legal penalty that has been rightly declared over sinful humanity

Question 40

Melchizedek

Answer 40

Two OT appearances: Gen 14 & Psalm 110.
- Gen 14: king of Salem and priest of God most High brings Abram bread and wine and blesses Him. Abram give tithe. Mysteriously appear & disappear
- Psalm 110: priest forever in the order of Melchizedek
NT: only appear in Hebrews where author quotes Psalm 110 twice

Question 41

Who wrote Hebrews?

Answer 41

Unknown. Early NT copies included Heb with Paul’s letters, early church divided on whether Paul was the author. The book does not indicate authorship and its language is very different than Paul’s letters. Paul original author in Hebrew and Luke translate to Greek? Language more similar to Luke than Paul. Paul preached in Aramaic and Luke translate to Greek? Other suggestions: Apollos, Clement of Rome, Barnabas but not enough evidence.

Question 42

Be able to describe and discuss the “structure of Hebrews” including its constant use of the OT.

Answer 42

I. structure: superiority of Jesus
1. God’s superior last word (1:1-4)
2. superior over angels (1:5-2:18) & Moses (3:1-4:12)
3. superior high priest (4:14-7:28) w/ new covenant (8:1-13)
4. superior new tabernacle (9:1-10:39)
5. end w/ application superiority
6. exhortations: examples of faith (11:1-12:3), discipline & worship (12:4-29), general instructions (13:1-25)

II.
1. “the message spoken through angels” refers to law of Moses
2. OT sacrifices/temple, reveal Jesus superiority
3. Melchizedek: Jesus Priest X Levitical/Aaron
4. OT crowd witnesses, faithful past, continued end
5. God faithfulness 2 keep them
6. persecution, w/o seeing promise,

Question 43

In Hebrews 12, what does “discipline mean? How does the writer of Hebrews help believers to think about their suffering? (see Spellman article)

Answer 43

I.
1. discipline = enduring hardship (suffering) as King child
2. consider Jesus—gone before—endured hostility
3. X avoid Jesus’ pain but meditate upon
4. Jesus learned obedience & aid those who suffer now
5. b/c Jesus suffered we have hope & can draw near
6. b/c Jesus we persevere suffering (X grow weary/loose heart)
7. eyes off us & on Him

II.
1. X think “suffered too much” / “too taxing”
2. X suffered point of shedding blood
3. b/c still living still striving: God X finished
4. X think X loved: x abandoned!,
5. We sons b/c the Son gone before
6. suffering = discipline, b/c LORD loves & disciplines son
7. discipline = act of providing guidance 4 responsible living: correction & training
8. Danger: neglect, must highly regard 4 our good

Question 44

Be able to describe and discuss the “structure of James” and its theological emphasis on wisdom.

Answer 44

I. structure X straightforward = Paul’s letters
1. Wisdom literature b4 letter
2. intro (1:1-27) raises topics revisited later:
3. 1:26-27 holds tog all other topics: bridle tongue, visit orphans & widows, & stay unspotted by world
4. consider marks true faith distinct from false religion
5. True faith: words & works & God’s view of people & the world
6. Maturity: speech & service

II. Book, continues, deeper wisdom
1. Ch 2:1-13 – favoritism b/c wealth unwise b/c appearances & break 2nd > commandment
2. Ch 3:1-12 – tongue destructive, wise tame,  wholeness
3. Ch 3:13-18 – wisdom seen Character & meek works X boasting/strife
4. wisdom from above: pure, peaceable, gentle, willing to yield, w/ mercy & good fruits, w/o partiality & hypocrisy
5. God exalts the humble
6. Plans w/o humility = foolish, submit God’s will
7. live wisely: patience for justice, like farmer, in prayer like Elijah
8. End: exhort ea. other 2 grow & persevere wisdom  whole & mature

Question 45

What is the relationship between Paul and James’s discussion of justification and good works?

Answer 45

I. Gen 15 Abraham response 2 God’s promise seems 2 diff interpretations
1. Gen 15:6 “it was credited to him as righteousness”
2. Paul: grace by faith alone X works, gift
3. James, can faith save? Faith w/o works dead
4. question, biblical language
5. assume unified theological unity X biblical language
6. allow ea. author use terms w/i context

II. Paul & James X 2 interpretations of Justification & works
1. Paul: impossible enter covenantal relationship w/ God by Mosaic law vs Jesus
2. X saved, by works law, faith Jesus
3. No justification by works
4. James; follower of Jesus (faith in Him) X= only believing correct doctrine
5. Faith in Jesus means good works follow
6. Faith w/o works, X = faith in Jesus

Question 46

Antichrists

Answer 46

Those who have turned away from the truth of the gospel and now oppose Christ and his people

Question 47

Encyclical

Answer 47

A letter written to be copied and sent to various audiences

Question 48

Deification

Answer 48

The state in which believers somehow become like God, though not divine themselves, in sharing fellowship with him in a profound sense

Question 49

Paraenesis

Answer 49

Writing meant to exhort hearers toward growth in virtue and character

Question 50

Orthopraxy

Answer 50

Correct and right living

Question 51

Orthodox doctrine

Answer 51

Correct and right teaching or belief

Question 52

Wisdom literature

Answer 52

Ancient or biblical literature generally focused on moral living, virtue, and the meaning of life, like Proverbs and Ecclesiastes

Question 53

Who were James and Jude?

Answer 53

I. James, author = biological half brother Jesus
1. become leader of Jerusalem church after Pentecost (Peter departed)
2. James the Just/Righteous
3. James, mentioned, Jude “brother of James”
4. ID, self Jude w/ humility, association w/ Christ
5. “servant of Jesus Christ” also brother, humility
6. X attention 2 brotherhood also so X special treatment

II. Jude; author of Jude, “Judas”
1. Judas, 1 of 4 ½ brothers Jesus
2. X reason doubt authorship
3. likely X follower during Jesus’ earthy ministry
4. faith post-resurrection
5. Paul describe Jesus’ brothers missionaries
6. Missionaries most likely 2 Jewish ppl, X necess limited 2 Palestine

Question 54

Amillennialism

Answer 54

The eschatological view that the thousand-year reign is a symbol for the current period of the church

Question 55

Eschatology

Answer 55

The study of the end timea

Question 56

Postmillennialism

Answer 56

The eschatological view that the thousand years either literally or figuratively refers to a period before the return of Christ in which all the nations will be converted

Question 57

Premillennialism

Answer 57

The eschatological view that the thousand years is a period beginning with the return of Christ, but the period can be taken either as a literal thousand years or as an undefined era.

Question 58

Wormwood

Answer 58

A bitter herb that can poison water and is associated with the exodus plagues

Question 59

Island of Patmos

Answer 59

John’s place of exile by Roman Emperor Domitian. It is off the coast of Ephesus. Where John received the vision of the Book of Revelation. John remained two years and then returned to ministry in Ephesus

Question 60

Apocalyptic literature

Answer 60

Jewish literature style. a vision mediated by an otherworldly being. Uses picture language, symbols, and highly dramatic scenes so it can be difficult to read.
Purpose: to convey the reality “behind the curtain” of what can be seen and experienced in this world. (Greek word apokalypto means reveal). It reveals the spiritual reality that God will defeat evil and deliver his people.
Developed in Second Temple period during oppression offering alternative view of reality when evil seemed triumphant and God silent so as to offer hope

Question 61

New Heavens and New Earth

Answer 61

Revelation speaks of these with the passing of the first heaven and earth, but Paul in Romans 8 says that creation will be renewed rather than replaced. Revelation parallels the figurative description in 2 Peter so it is likely that Revelation suggests a radical cleansing by judgement from sin.

Question 62

How is the OT used in a unique way in the book of Revelation?

Answer 62

I. Revelation alludes to the OT
1. Revelation most allusions 2 OT of NT books
2. few quotations, nearly every verse echo OT
3. references, Pentateuch, Judges, 1-2 Samuel & 1-2 Kings
4. + Psalms, Provers, Song of Solomon, maj & min prophets
5. ½ allusions Psalms, Isaiah (>), Ezekiel & Daniel
6.

II.
1. Gen Creation = foundation
2. Rev. restoration creation & destruction evil
3. Exo. Plagues key
4. Isaiah: background New Heaven/Earth
5. Ezekiel: final battle, judgement, new Jerusalem
6. Zechariah: imagery 4 horsemen & lampstands
7. Daniel: faithful witness, in persecution
8. must understand OT themes 2 understand Rev