exam 2 Flashcards
Nematode
Roundworm
Anaisakis simplex
Anisakiasis
In raw & undercooked fish
transmitted via larvae in muscle
Symptoms: tingling in the throat, coughing up worms
Anisakiasis
Cryptosporidium parvum
Cryptosporidiosis
In contaminated water & produce
transmitted via oocysts(egg) in feces
Symptoms: Watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, weight loss
Cryptosporidiosis
Cause of the largest waterborne outbreak in the U.S.
400,000 people affected
Cryptosporidium parvum
Parasite that is resistant to chlorination, must be removed by microscopic filters
Cryptosporidium parvum
Giardia duodenalis
Giardiasis
In improperly treated water
Transmitted via oocysts in feces
Symptoms: loose stool, abdominal cramps, nausea
Giardiasis
Parasite in humans & animals, found in freshwater
Giardia duodenalis
Trophozoites
vegetative (not infective), reproducing form of Giardia
Backpacker’s nemesis
Giardia can be found in freshwater (streams & lakes)
Cyclospora caytanensis
Cyclosporiasis
In improperly treated water, produce (berries, lettuce, & basil)
Transmitted via oocysts in feces
Symptoms: mild fever, nausea, diarrhea& constipation, abdominal cramps, weight loss, poor appetite
Cyclosporiasis
Scombroid Poisoning
Scombrotoxin (Histamine) produced by the bacteria Proteus
from the amino acid histidine
Histamine
Transmitted through finfish
Symptoms: reddening of face & neck, sweating, headache, burning or tingling sensation around mouth & throat
Histamine
Ciguatera Poisoning
Ciguatoxin produced by Gambierdiscus toxicus (a harmful algae)
Ciguatoxin
Transmitted through predatory fish
Symptoms: reversal of hot & cold sensations, nausea, vomiting, tingling in fingers, lips, or toes, joint & muscle pain
Ciguatoxin
Gambierdiscus toxicus
grows on the surfaces of aquatic plants & dead coral
Clostridium perfringens Gastroenteritis
Bacteria: Clostridium perfringens
Associated: meat & poultry
grows on high protein
Symptoms: explosive diarrhea, severe abdominal pain, fever & vomiting absent
Clostridium perfringens Gastroenteritis
Rods, spore former
Obligate anaerobe
Habitat: soil, air, water, GI tract
Produces exotoxins that are enterotoxins
Clostridium perfringens
Saxitoxin
Habitat: colder waters of the Pacific, and New England coast
Foods: clams, mussels, oysters, scallops
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP)
Shellfish Toxins
Found in shellfish but the toxins are produced by harmful algae
Symptoms: numbness, tingling of mouth, face, arms, legs, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP)
Brevetoxin
Habitat: Warmer waters of Gulf & Caribbean
Foods: clams, mussels, oysters
Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP)
Symptoms: tingling & numbness of lips, throat, etc., dizziness, reversal of hot & cold sensations, vomiting, diarrhea
Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP)
HAB
Harmful algal bloom
Domoic Acid
Habitat: Water of Pacific NW, & E. of Canada
Food: clams, mussels, oysters, scallops
Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP)
Symptoms: initially vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, later on, confusion, memory loss, disorientation, seizure, coma
Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning
Puffer Fish
Contains tetrodotoxin, a potent neurotoxin. Found in skin, liver, heart & gonads
Symptoms: Paraesthesia, dizziness, respiratory failure, tremors & paralysis, convulsions, death
Fugo Poisoning
Mold can produce toxins called
Mycotoxins
Can spoil foods rapidly, may produce a smell or taste of alcohol as it spoils food, may appear pink in discoloration or smell & may bubble
Yeast
Death cap
contains a fatal toxin
Present in certain varieties of wild mushrooms, can cause severe illness, are not destroyed by cooking or freezing
Amatoxins
Toxic Metals
Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd), Brass
Corrosion Resistant Material (CRM)
Any material that maintains its original surface characteristics under prolonged exposure to heat, cold and chemicals
