Exam #2

Question 1

Enzymes do not change the reactions delta G, that is wether it is exergonic or endergonic, they only reduce the…

Answer 1

Activation energy (The minimum energy required for a reaction to occur)

Question 2

Enzymes do not change the reactions delta G, that is wether it is exergonic or endergonic, they only reduce the…

Answer 2

Activation energy (The minimum energy required for a reaction to occur)

Question 3

The location on the enzyme where the substrate binds in called the

Answer 3

Active site

Question 4

Temp and pH can cause substance to change their natural properties, causing them to…

Answer 4

Denature (function less efficiently as enzymes)

Question 5

The enzyme-substrate interaction causes a slight shift in the enzymes structure that produces an ideal arrangement between the enzyme and the substrates transition state called…

Answer 5

Induced fit (an enzyme’s shape and conformation changing over time in response to substrate binding)

Question 6

The formation of the enzyme-substrate complex lowers the …. And promotes the reaction in many ways…

Answer 6

Reaction’s activation energy

Question 7

In all cases the enzyme will… to its original state after the reaction is completed enzymes remain unchanged by the…

Answer 7

Always return to its original state.
The reactions they catalyze and release the products

Question 8

The relative amount and variety of enzyme within a cell will determine which reactions will proceed at a what rate which is all tightly…

Answer 8

Controlled

Question 9

Enzyme function can be promoted or inhibited.

Answer 9

Promoted-positive
Inhibited-negative

Question 10

There are allosteric activators as well inhibitors, they both induce a conformational change to the enzyme affecting the… of the enzymes for its substrate.

Answer 10

Affinity (A measure of the attraction of one biological molecule toward another molecule, either to modify it, destroy it, or form a compound with it.)

Question 11

The end product of a pathway acts as the inhibitor of an enzyme along the pathway slowing or stopping the production of the end product…

Answer 11

Self regulation

Question 12

A principle electron carrier in cells is derived from vitamin B3 and niacin and is a nucleotide called…

Answer 12

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Question 13

Chemiosmosis generates … of the ATP made during glucose catabolism, and is also used in photosynthesis to harvest light energy.

Answer 13

90%

Question 14

Glucose is phosphorlated using an ATP molecule to form

Answer 14

Glucose 6-phosphate
A more reactive form of glucose, not it cannot cross back out of cell

Question 15

A second ATP molecule adds energy to the substrate. The enzyme…catalyzes this reaction and is the…

Answer 15

Phosphofrutokinase (controls glucose metabolism)
Rate-limiting enzyme for glucose metabolism ( it is allosterically activated by hight levels of ADP=exercising)

Question 16

Enolase

Answer 16

Catalyzes a dehydration reaction releasing water

Question 17

Two more ATP molecules are produced and two pyruvate or pyruvic acids are produced molecules by

Answer 17

Pyruvate kinase (the rate limiting step and if it is activated then glycolysis can proceed and be completed producing TWO ATPs

Question 18

Pyruvate is converted to an acetyl group and then transferred to a carrier compound called…

Answer 18

Coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)

Question 19

… is oxidized and decarboxylated producing a CO2 and two electrons which reduce an NAD+ to NADH

Answer 19

a-ketoglutarate

Question 20

When adequate ATP is present excess glucose is stored as… in the liver and muscle cells

Answer 20

Glycogen

Question 21

When blood sugar levels drop glycogen will be hydrolyzed into…

Answer 21

Glucose 1 phosphate

Question 22

Excess amino acids can be shunted into the..

Answer 22

Pathways of glucose catabolism

Question 23

… catabolic fatty acids takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria and converts the FA chains into two carbon units of acetyl which form acetyl CoA and enters the citric acid cycle

Answer 23

B- oxidation

Question 24

All of a cells DNA a double stranded molecule is called a

Answer 24

Genome

Question 25

G1 phase: chromosomal structure is completed the cell reaches it full size energy reserves are accumulated DNA is in

Answer 25

Chromatin state

Question 26

S Phase: DNA replication produces

Answer 26

Two identical sister chromatids

Question 27

Cell plate

Question 28

Eukaryotic genomes consist of several separate linear pieces of DNA called

Answer 28

Chromosomes

Question 29

Growth promoting hormones

Answer 29

hGH - inhibit cell division

Question 30

Cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases Cdk are

Answer 30

Positive regulators of the cell cycle

Question 31

Cyclin D and E move the cell past G1 and into the s phase

Question 32

Cyclin A moves the cell past the G2 checkpoint and cyclin B moves the cell past the M phase

Question 33

For cyclins to function they must bind to a

Answer 33

Cyclin dependent kinase

Question 34

Cancer compromises many different diseases all cases by

Answer 34

Uncontrolled cell growth

Question 35

Bacteria divide by …. And is the only method to produce new individuals

Answer 35

Binary FISSION

Question 36

Replication of the DNA is

Answer 36

Bidirectional moving away from the origin on both strands simultaneously

Question 37

The formation of the … triggers the accumulation of other proteins that work to build the new plasma membrane and cell wall

Answer 37

FtsZ ring

Question 38

The precise alignment of homologous non sister chromatids allows

Answer 38

Crossing over

Question 39

Each member of the homologous pair attaches to the opposite pole assuring that the homologous pairs are pulled apart at metaphase