Exam #2 Flashcards
Enzymes do not change the reactions delta G, that is wether it is exergonic or endergonic, they only reduce the…
Activation energy (The minimum energy required for a reaction to occur)
Enzymes do not change the reactions delta G, that is wether it is exergonic or endergonic, they only reduce the…
Activation energy (The minimum energy required for a reaction to occur)
The location on the enzyme where the substrate binds in called the
Active site
Temp and pH can cause substance to change their natural properties, causing them to…
Denature (function less efficiently as enzymes)
The enzyme-substrate interaction causes a slight shift in the enzymes structure that produces an ideal arrangement between the enzyme and the substrates transition state called…
Induced fit (an enzyme’s shape and conformation changing over time in response to substrate binding)
The formation of the enzyme-substrate complex lowers the …. And promotes the reaction in many ways…
Reaction’s activation energy
In all cases the enzyme will… to its original state after the reaction is completed enzymes remain unchanged by the…
Always return to its original state.
The reactions they catalyze and release the products
The relative amount and variety of enzyme within a cell will determine which reactions will proceed at a what rate which is all tightly…
Controlled
Enzyme function can be promoted or inhibited.
Promoted-positive
Inhibited-negative
There are allosteric activators as well inhibitors, they both induce a conformational change to the enzyme affecting the… of the enzymes for its substrate.
Affinity (A measure of the attraction of one biological molecule toward another molecule, either to modify it, destroy it, or form a compound with it.)
The end product of a pathway acts as the inhibitor of an enzyme along the pathway slowing or stopping the production of the end product…
Self regulation
A principle electron carrier in cells is derived from vitamin B3 and niacin and is a nucleotide called…
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Chemiosmosis generates … of the ATP made during glucose catabolism, and is also used in photosynthesis to harvest light energy.
90%
Glucose is phosphorlated using an ATP molecule to form
Glucose 6-phosphate
A more reactive form of glucose, not it cannot cross back out of cell
A second ATP molecule adds energy to the substrate. The enzyme…catalyzes this reaction and is the…
Phosphofrutokinase (controls glucose metabolism)
Rate-limiting enzyme for glucose metabolism ( it is allosterically activated by hight levels of ADP=exercising)
Enolase
Catalyzes a dehydration reaction releasing water
Two more ATP molecules are produced and two pyruvate or pyruvic acids are produced molecules by
Pyruvate kinase (the rate limiting step and if it is activated then glycolysis can proceed and be completed producing TWO ATPs
Pyruvate is converted to an acetyl group and then transferred to a carrier compound called…
Coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)
… is oxidized and decarboxylated producing a CO2 and two electrons which reduce an NAD+ to NADH
a-ketoglutarate
When adequate ATP is present excess glucose is stored as… in the liver and muscle cells
Glycogen
When blood sugar levels drop glycogen will be hydrolyzed into…
Glucose 1 phosphate
Excess amino acids can be shunted into the..
Pathways of glucose catabolism
… catabolic fatty acids takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria and converts the FA chains into two carbon units of acetyl which form acetyl CoA and enters the citric acid cycle
B- oxidation
All of a cells DNA a double stranded molecule is called a
Genome
G1 phase: chromosomal structure is completed the cell reaches it full size energy reserves are accumulated DNA is in
Chromatin state
S Phase: DNA replication produces
Two identical sister chromatids
Cell plate
Eukaryotic genomes consist of several separate linear pieces of DNA called
Chromosomes
Growth promoting hormones
hGH - inhibit cell division
Cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases Cdk are
Positive regulators of the cell cycle
Cyclin D and E move the cell past G1 and into the s phase
Cyclin A moves the cell past the G2 checkpoint and cyclin B moves the cell past the M phase
For cyclins to function they must bind to a
Cyclin dependent kinase
Cancer compromises many different diseases all cases by
Uncontrolled cell growth
Bacteria divide by …. And is the only method to produce new individuals
Binary FISSION
Replication of the DNA is
Bidirectional moving away from the origin on both strands simultaneously
The formation of the … triggers the accumulation of other proteins that work to build the new plasma membrane and cell wall
FtsZ ring
The precise alignment of homologous non sister chromatids allows
Crossing over
Each member of the homologous pair attaches to the opposite pole assuring that the homologous pairs are pulled apart at metaphase
