exam 2 Flashcards
how are fungi classified
by morphology (yeast or hyphal) axsexual or sexual
whata are the main ways that fungi multiply?
budding
name one disease caused by a fungus
sudden oak death; candidiasis
how do algae get energy?
photosynthesis
what is the red tide?
dinoflagellates; pathogens produce toxins that make the red tide
what happens when Pfiesteria piscicida infects fish or humans?
memory loss, skin irritation, vomit, immune system problems
what is a disease vector?
causative agent (ex: apicomplexans cause malaria)
what is the role of a vector in Chagas disease?
trypansoma cruzi; Transmission occurs when fecal material gets rubbed into the bite wound
what are the main components of viruses?
- nucleic acid, RNA or DNA
- protein coat or shell
- lipid envelope or membrane surrounding nucleocapsid core
- some package enzymes
how are viruses different from one another?
size and morphology, capsid or envelope, or complex
what are the main ways that viruses are classified?
plant virus, animal virus, bacteria virus
what is a naked virus?
viruses with only a nuclocacpsid, they are more resistant to environmental conditions
what is an enveloped virus?
virus with a bilayer membrane outside their capsids “hidden” from attack by host immune system
where do viral envelopes come from?
the composition is determined by viral nucleic acid and substances from the host’s membrane (made up of lipids, proteins, ad carbs)
why are viral genomes so small compared with prokaryotic or eukaryotic genomes
no nucleus, organelles, or cytoplasm = extremely small
list replication cycle of viruses
- adsorption- attach to host cell
- penetration- entry of virions into host
- synthesis- make new nucleic acid molecules,capsid protiens, and other viral components in host cell
- maturation- assembly of newly synthesized viral components into complete virions
- release- departureof new virions from host cell, release generally kills host cell
what is a bacteriophage?
viruses that infect bacterial cells
what is lysogeny?
process where bacteriophage infects a bacteria cell until ultimately the bacterial host is destroyed (lysed)
what best describes competitive inhibition?
direct control of enzyme activity whereby a mimic molecule binds to the active site on enzymes
what is directly involved in replication?
DNA, ligase, okasaki fragments, helicase
what type of organism would most likely be found only in the large intestine where there is a complete lack of oxygen?
obligate anaerobe
which parasite has a merozoite as one of its life stages?
Plasmodium spp. (malaria)
the general phases of viral replication include?
adsorption, penetration, uncoating, synthesis, assembly and release
what is true about a double stranded DNA virus following cellular entry?
viral DNA is ready to make protein with a direct interaction with host ribosomes
the nucleocapsid of all viruses are made up of what type of molecule?
proteins
a syncytia is?
the fusion of multiple viral infected host cells
which organism obtains its carbon in an organic form?
heterotroph
what is facilitated diffusion?
the transport of polar molecules and ions through a specific protein channel in the cell membrane without the use of ATP
what is a holoenzyme?
conjugated enzyme complex that includes a combination of proteins and one or more cofactors
what is a sylvatic life cycle?
where the pathogen is maintained in wildlife prior to infection in people or domestic animals
temperature for optimal growth and metabolism:
psychrophile- 0-15 degrees C
mesophiles- 20-40 degrees C
thermophile- 45-80 degrees C
which major catabolic processes yields the most ATP directly?
electron transport system
in anaerobic respiration the terminal electron acceptor is?
nitrate or nitrite
which eukaryote could be considered a vector of pathogens from one individual to another?
ticks
how many ATP molecules are directly formed during the Krebs cycle from a single pyruvic acid molecule?
2
what happens in the stationary phase of bacterial growth?
the number of newly generated cells equals the number of dying cells
what part of the microbial cell does glycolysis occur in?
cytoplasm
energy is carried from catabolic to anabolic reactions in the form of?
high energy ATP bonds
describe semi-conservative replication of the genome
an exact copy of the parent strand is made so that there is one completely unique strand and another made of parent molecules
the copying of genetic in formation into mRNA for protein synthesis is called?
transcription
the specificity of an enveloped virus to a host or tissue is caused by?
interactions between envelope spike and host cell receptor
positive sense single stranded RNA virus following cellular entry..
viral RNA is ready to make protein with a direct interaction with host ribosomes– viral assembly is slower than negative sense strand species
a virus particle can contain which types of genetic information?
double and single stranded both DNA and RNA
what is candidiasis?
fungal infection through out the body caused by yeast
lagging strand during DNA replication
is created in 3’-5’ direction
it is created following the leading strand
it consists of lots of smaller nucleotide strands called okasaki fragments
where does proton motive force occur in prokaryotic microorganisms?
cell membrane
which types of RNA are involved in translation?
1) mRNA : carry information stored in DNA to the cytoplasm for translation
2) rRNA : forms ribosome
3) tRNA : bring Aminoacids from cellular pool to the ribosomes (and mRNA) for protein synthesis
what is the resulting number of ATP molecules formed from the electron transport chain in aerobic respiration?
34
what is necessary to being replication of the circular prokaryotic genome?
RNA primer segments
which cycle involves the destruction of the prokaryotic host?
lytic cycle
T or F: Chemical intermediates produced during glycolysis are used for the creation of structural proteins during anabolism
true
what is an exerogonic reaction?
energy is made and not required
the term tinea refers to?
fungal skin infections
cytochrome c is located?
in the membrane
phagocytosis is located in?
the membrane
RNA polymerase is located in?
the nucleus
location of ATP synthase?
the membrane
where is ligase located?
the nucleus
does anabolism require or produce ATP?
requires ATP
does pinocytosis require or produce ATP?
requires ATP
does substrate level phosphorylation require or produce ATP?
produces ATP
does an exergonic reaction produce or require ATP?
produces ATP
what is step 4 in the TCA cycle?
NAD is converted to NADH + H and co2
what are the characteristics of a negative sense ssRNA enveloped virus
has protein capsid, receives its envelope from host membrane, and has protein spikes in the membrane often used to bind to a host receptor
what would be an effective drug against a virus infection?
a drug that inhibits viral assembly, inhibits transcription, and prevents receptor binding
