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bio 205 exam 2 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how are fungi classified

A

by morphology (yeast or hyphal) axsexual or sexual

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2
Q

whata are the main ways that fungi multiply?

A

budding

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3
Q

name one disease caused by a fungus

A

sudden oak death; candidiasis

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4
Q

how do algae get energy?

A

photosynthesis

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5
Q

what is the red tide?

A

dinoflagellates; pathogens produce toxins that make the red tide

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6
Q

what happens when Pfiesteria piscicida infects fish or humans?

A

memory loss, skin irritation, vomit, immune system problems

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7
Q

what is a disease vector?

A

causative agent (ex: apicomplexans cause malaria)

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8
Q

what is the role of a vector in Chagas disease?

A

trypansoma cruzi; Transmission occurs when fecal material gets rubbed into the bite wound

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9
Q

what are the main components of viruses?

A
  1. nucleic acid, RNA or DNA
  2. protein coat or shell
  3. lipid envelope or membrane surrounding nucleocapsid core
  4. some package enzymes
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10
Q

how are viruses different from one another?

A

size and morphology, capsid or envelope, or complex

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11
Q

what are the main ways that viruses are classified?

A

plant virus, animal virus, bacteria virus

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12
Q

what is a naked virus?

A

viruses with only a nuclocacpsid, they are more resistant to environmental conditions

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13
Q

what is an enveloped virus?

A

virus with a bilayer membrane outside their capsids “hidden” from attack by host immune system

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14
Q

where do viral envelopes come from?

A

the composition is determined by viral nucleic acid and substances from the host’s membrane (made up of lipids, proteins, ad carbs)

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15
Q

why are viral genomes so small compared with prokaryotic or eukaryotic genomes

A

no nucleus, organelles, or cytoplasm = extremely small

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16
Q

list replication cycle of viruses

A
  1. adsorption- attach to host cell
  2. penetration- entry of virions into host
  3. synthesis- make new nucleic acid molecules,capsid protiens, and other viral components in host cell
  4. maturation- assembly of newly synthesized viral components into complete virions
  5. release- departureof new virions from host cell, release generally kills host cell
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17
Q

what is a bacteriophage?

A

viruses that infect bacterial cells

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18
Q

what is lysogeny?

A

process where bacteriophage infects a bacteria cell until ultimately the bacterial host is destroyed (lysed)

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19
Q

what best describes competitive inhibition?

A

direct control of enzyme activity whereby a mimic molecule binds to the active site on enzymes

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20
Q

what is directly involved in replication?

A

DNA, ligase, okasaki fragments, helicase

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21
Q

what type of organism would most likely be found only in the large intestine where there is a complete lack of oxygen?

A

obligate anaerobe

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22
Q

which parasite has a merozoite as one of its life stages?

A

Plasmodium spp. (malaria)

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23
Q

the general phases of viral replication include?

A

adsorption, penetration, uncoating, synthesis, assembly and release

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24
Q

what is true about a double stranded DNA virus following cellular entry?

A

viral DNA is ready to make protein with a direct interaction with host ribosomes

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25
Q

the nucleocapsid of all viruses are made up of what type of molecule?

A

proteins

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26
Q

a syncytia is?

A

the fusion of multiple viral infected host cells

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27
Q

which organism obtains its carbon in an organic form?

A

heterotroph

28
Q

what is facilitated diffusion?

A

the transport of polar molecules and ions through a specific protein channel in the cell membrane without the use of ATP

29
Q

what is a holoenzyme?

A

conjugated enzyme complex that includes a combination of proteins and one or more cofactors

30
Q

what is a sylvatic life cycle?

A

where the pathogen is maintained in wildlife prior to infection in people or domestic animals

31
Q

temperature for optimal growth and metabolism:

A

psychrophile- 0-15 degrees C
mesophiles- 20-40 degrees C
thermophile- 45-80 degrees C

32
Q

which major catabolic processes yields the most ATP directly?

A

electron transport system

33
Q

in anaerobic respiration the terminal electron acceptor is?

A

nitrate or nitrite

34
Q

which eukaryote could be considered a vector of pathogens from one individual to another?

A

ticks

35
Q

how many ATP molecules are directly formed during the Krebs cycle from a single pyruvic acid molecule?

A

2

36
Q

what happens in the stationary phase of bacterial growth?

A

the number of newly generated cells equals the number of dying cells

37
Q

what part of the microbial cell does glycolysis occur in?

A

cytoplasm

38
Q

energy is carried from catabolic to anabolic reactions in the form of?

A

high energy ATP bonds

39
Q

describe semi-conservative replication of the genome

A

an exact copy of the parent strand is made so that there is one completely unique strand and another made of parent molecules

40
Q

the copying of genetic in formation into mRNA for protein synthesis is called?

A

transcription

41
Q

the specificity of an enveloped virus to a host or tissue is caused by?

A

interactions between envelope spike and host cell receptor

42
Q

positive sense single stranded RNA virus following cellular entry..

A

viral RNA is ready to make protein with a direct interaction with host ribosomes– viral assembly is slower than negative sense strand species

43
Q

a virus particle can contain which types of genetic information?

A

double and single stranded both DNA and RNA

44
Q

what is candidiasis?

A

fungal infection through out the body caused by yeast

45
Q

lagging strand during DNA replication

A

is created in 3’-5’ direction
it is created following the leading strand
it consists of lots of smaller nucleotide strands called okasaki fragments

46
Q

where does proton motive force occur in prokaryotic microorganisms?

A

cell membrane

47
Q

which types of RNA are involved in translation?

A

1) mRNA : carry information stored in DNA to the cytoplasm for translation
2) rRNA : forms ribosome
3) tRNA : bring Aminoacids from cellular pool to the ribosomes (and mRNA) for protein synthesis

48
Q

what is the resulting number of ATP molecules formed from the electron transport chain in aerobic respiration?

A

34

49
Q

what is necessary to being replication of the circular prokaryotic genome?

A

RNA primer segments

50
Q

which cycle involves the destruction of the prokaryotic host?

A

lytic cycle

51
Q

T or F: Chemical intermediates produced during glycolysis are used for the creation of structural proteins during anabolism

A

true

52
Q

what is an exerogonic reaction?

A

energy is made and not required

53
Q

the term tinea refers to?

A

fungal skin infections

54
Q

cytochrome c is located?

A

in the membrane

55
Q

phagocytosis is located in?

A

the membrane

56
Q

RNA polymerase is located in?

A

the nucleus

57
Q

location of ATP synthase?

A

the membrane

58
Q

where is ligase located?

A

the nucleus

59
Q

does anabolism require or produce ATP?

A

requires ATP

60
Q

does pinocytosis require or produce ATP?

A

requires ATP

61
Q

does substrate level phosphorylation require or produce ATP?

A

produces ATP

62
Q

does an exergonic reaction produce or require ATP?

A

produces ATP

63
Q

what is step 4 in the TCA cycle?

A

NAD is converted to NADH + H and co2

64
Q

what are the characteristics of a negative sense ssRNA enveloped virus

A

has protein capsid, receives its envelope from host membrane, and has protein spikes in the membrane often used to bind to a host receptor

65
Q

what would be an effective drug against a virus infection?

A

a drug that inhibits viral assembly, inhibits transcription, and prevents receptor binding

bio 205 exam 2 (1 decks)

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